Famous Women of Dance from 1804 to the Present

First Amendment And Music Censorship Essay - 1284 Words

The First Amendment to the Bill of Rights exists because the Founders of our country understood the importance of free expression. The First Amendment states Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press . . . (Commission on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution 17). One of the ways the American people use this freedom of speech and expression is through the creation of the art form known as music. Musics verbal expression bonds our society through our emotions and experiences. This fundamental right of freedom of expression is being threatened by public and governmental groups who believe they have authority to monitor and decide what others should experience. The censorship of music†¦show more content†¦In 1964, The Rolling Stones catapulted to fame amid outrage and controversy about the surliness of their demeanor and the length of their hair. The Stones were considered dangerous and riots and scenes of hysteria erupted whe rever they played. Today, theyre in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, winners of the prestigious Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and on the cover of TIME magazine (RIAA; History 2 of 4). Theres nothing new about pop and rock music finding its roots in the anger and rebellion of young people, and theres nothing new in older people expressing unrealistic fears about that music (RIAA; History 3 of 4). History has shown us that what may be initially perceived as objectionable is actually only the reaction of a new or different experience. Musicians are protected under the First Amendment equally as any citizen in the United States of America. They deserve the same basic human rights we all practice, however the freedom of expression has special relevance for musicians (Hald 1 of 8). This offers a special protection of musicians against arbitrary censorship and persecution (Hald 1 of 8). Not only does censorship of music threaten the freedom of speech, but it also threatens a musicians right to promote their work through free enterprise. Musicians have the freedom to play music in public or private domains, give concerts, and release CDs (Hald 1-2 of 8). Some concertShow MoreRelatedCensorship of Music is the Responsibility of the Parent Essay731 Words   |  3 PagesCensorship of Music is the Responsibility of the Parent Censorship in music is a topic that has brought about much controversy over the past two decades. There have been many different arguments on the topic, however the question still lingers is should censorship still remain. Before you can form an opinion on this, you must hear both sides of the argument on this much-debated topic. Some people believe that music should be censored so all audiences can hear it without it containing any offensiveRead MorePositive And Negative Effects Of Censorship In Society798 Words   |  4 PagesCensorship is the suppression, alteration, or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, music, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security. Censorship is an action that has been performed for many years on several subjects of the world, and it is still happening today. Although censorship is an action occurred on many subjects, music is one of the biggest censorship problems in today’s world. Music can have both positive and negative effects on a personRead More Music Censorship Essay640 Words   |  3 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Why is it that when a person that listens to music that may promote violence and contains â€Å"objectionable† lyrics does a bad thing, families are quick to point out that it was external materials such as the music that influenced the person to do it? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This is the controversy over music censorship. Music censorship is the attempt or action taken by any agency to limit or hold back anything in music that a community may find offensive to its beliefs or valuesRead MoreLimits to the First Amendment Essays1166 Words   |  5 PagesLimits to the First Amendment The United States of America seems to be protected by a very important historical document called the Constitution. Despite the fact that it was written and signed many years ago, the American people and their leaders still have faith in the Constitution. One of the major statements of the Constitution is the First Amendment, freedom of speech. Although it is difficult to decide what is offensive and what is not, it is clear to see that songs of rape, violence,Read MoreCensorship of Music: Limiting One’s Rights Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesMusic has been under scrutiny on behalf of censorship for decades. Censorship is defined as an authorization to examine material and to remove or suppress what is considered morally, politically, or otherwise objectionable. Lyrics are essential to nearly everything in music; its poems, ballads, monologues, etc. They may take the form of actual spoken or sung sounds or of written words, as literature does. Without the musical component, you’re left with literature and words; this leavesRead MoreThe Problem Of Music Censorship1280 Words   |  6 PagesAttention Getter: Imagine yourselves listening to music at a party, you’re jumping around yelling, screaming, and majority of the time singing or rapping along to whatever song is playing. Now imagine every other word, or whole verses in the song getting bleeped out frequently because of the message it presents even though you have the right to listen to whatever you so desire. This is the problem of music censorship we all face today. B. Relevance: BeingRead MoreMusic Censorship1016 Words   |  5 PagesKevin Ung Professor Vazquez English 101 October 9, 2007 Music Censorship I enjoy and love music very much. I feel that music artists should have the right to freely express their work and I feel that I should argue about the censorship attacks on these artists. I’m tired of listening to a good song on the radio with some of the words censored. It ruins the song and I can’t stand it. Some people think that rap is a bad influence and causes the young to behave badly. But I think all this censoringRead MoreCensorship is a Personal Decision Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesCensorship is a Personal Decision One mans vulgarity is anothers lyric. Justice John M. Harlan, Cohen v. California (1971) It is probably no accident that freedom of speech is the first freedom mentioned in the First Amendment: Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. The Constitutions framers believed that freedom of inquiry and libertyRead MoreEssay on Music Censorship880 Words   |  4 PagesMusic Censorship The tall, lanky fifteen-year-old ambled slowly up to the counter and tossed his music selection toward the clerk. The salesman began to ring the sale up in his routine manner, but just then something caught his eye. It was a small black sticker on the corner of the CD. This sticker plainly read explicit lyrics. As the teenager fumbled through his pockets searching for a method of payment, the clerk gave him a questioning glance. Could I see some identification pleaseRead MoreMusic Censorship1092 Words   |  5 Pagesstates in the first amendment that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances, censorship in America still exists in a big way. Music censorship is the term used to describe the act of editing, altering, or preventing the listener from hearing th e music as the artist created

First African-American in Baseball †“Jackie Robinson” Free Essays

Jackie Robinson, the first African-American in Baseball, changed the face of sports for ever. Not only was he an outstanding athlete, but with the help of Branch Ricky, they worked for reforms in the sports community. There was work required, though, since many sacrifices were made. We will write a custom essay sample on First African-American in Baseball – â€Å"Jackie Robinson† or any similar topic only for you Order Now The face of not only segregation, but the face of sports was on his shoulders. Through his unique form of, Jackie Robinson was one of the greatest driving forces behind equality and helps to equalize many things most people Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born in January 31, 1919 in the town of Cairo, Georgia. Jackie, as most people called him, was stared in many sports through both High School and College. He stared in Baseball, Football, Track, and Basketball. He had many accomplishments, but one that stands out in his college years was when alongside Kenny Washington almost took UCLA to the Rose Bowl (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 1). When Jackie’s athletic eligibility ended he left UCLA and got a job with the National Youth Administration. While there he played football with the Honolulu Bears. When World War 2 broke out, the Army’s Officers Candidate School accepted Jackie and ecame a second lieutenant. While stationed at Fort Riley in Kansas, Jackie was not allowed to play Baseball or Football (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 1). Jackie, however, tried to play both Baseball and Football while stationed. When the Football team formed he was ordered to go home on leave. Then he was told to try out for the nonwhite baseball team, which he later discovered didn’t exist. He was then sent Fort Hood. After a good deal of time, Jackie was court-martialed for breaking Jim Crow status. Although it he was found innocent, he was discharged on medical grounds, nd was given an honorable discharge (â€Å"Robinson, Jackie† 1). In 1945 Robinson signed a contract with the Kanas City Monarchs of the NAL (Negro American League) for four-hundred and fifty dollars a month (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 1). Attention was brought to Jackie because of his great play. Branch Ricky, Brooklyn’s General Manager, picked him as the most likely to overcome racism in sports In April 1945, ironically Jackie heard from the Boston Red Sox, who were the last to integrate the two leagues. On August 27, 1945 Robinson was brought to the Dodgers Office at 215 Montague Street. Jackie thought he was there for the Brown Dodgers, but on the contrary he was there to sign with the Montreal Royals. Ricky was really sure of Jackie but he wanted to see how he would put up with the pressure and abuse (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 1). To test him, Ricky put him through several situations. One involved a white player hurling offensive racial slurs at Jackie and then punched him in the face. â€Å"Rickey took a mock swing at Robinson, and hollered, ‘What do you do know, Jackie? What do you do now? ‘ Robinson replied, ‘I get it, Mr. Rickey. I’ve got another cheek. I turn the other cheek'† (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 1). That was all Rickey needed to hear and on October 23 he announced that Robinson had a contract with the Montreal Royals Jackie first appeared on April 18, 1946, for the first time in organized baseball. The house was packed and Jackie went four-for-five with one homer, four RBIs, four runs, and two stolen bases. As something of a trademark, Jackie danced away from the plate allowing Jersey City to commit two balks (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 2). Rickey feared that resistance was soon to follow and it did. At Syracuse he was aunted, two Baltimore players protested, and Robinson’s two black teammates that year washed out. He was a nervous wreak by the end of the season, but still he came out to be the International League’s batting champion at . 349 (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 2) Rickey decided that it was now time for Jackie to hit the major leagues, but he being very cautious. For Dodgers spring training in 1947, Rickey sent Jackie to Havana, but still keeping him on the Montreal roster. Rickey was being a cautious as he Could, trying to anticipate any countermove made against him. One move he may of issed was a number of players, including Dixie Walker, signed a petition against playing with ‘a black man’. One night Leo Durocher told them to take the petition and stuff it, after waking them up from sleeping. Rickey told them the same the next day Rickey had already thought this out, and he wanted Jackie’s teammates not only to accept him but to want him. he scheduled seven exhibition games in order to show of what Jackie could do. He received an . 625 batting average, and that seem to turn some eyes in his direction. Rickey, although, didn’t announce Jackie was on that seasons line p until three days before the first game. The news of this you would think would be headline, but it was overshadowed by the suspension of Durocher (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 2). He played his first game at the age of 28. For several games he went hitless and he continued to struggle for most of the season. The behavior of other teams did not help though. Death threats were given in Cincinnati against both him and Reese, a long time friend and supporter. Problems continued and even the Cardinals almost went on strike until St. Louis management and National League President Ford Frick stopped it. â€Å"‘I do ot care if the league strikes,’ Frick said, ‘those who do will encounter quick retribution. All will be suspended, and I don’t care if it wreaks the National League for five years. This is the United States of America and one citizen has as much right to play as another. The National League will go down the line with Robinson, whatever the consequences'† Jackie had to stifle a lot because the verbal abuse, and the immense pressure continued, but through it all Rickey’s experiment had worked. â€Å".. itcher Don Newcombe, ‘That’s the one thing I didn’t like about Jackie he always wanted to be right, and you an’t be right all the time. You have to be wrong sometimes'† (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 2). After a year or two of confusion Jackie was traded to the Giant for Dick Littlefield and thirty-thousand dollars. The Giants offered him sixty thousand to stay on, but the Dodgers accused him of saying something about retiring just to get a better and bigger contract. To prove him wrong Jackie retired and started busying himself with Financial games and such (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 3). Once out of Baseball he got a position with a coffee company and then as board hairman of Freedom national Bank. Robinson grew ill with diabetes and died from a heart attack in his home in Stanford, Connecticut on October 24, 1972. The Dodgers retired his number 42, and he was elected into the hall of fame in 1962, the first year he was eligible. The National League Rookie of the year was renamed in his honor in 1986 Though most people now take segregation for granted, there where many people who helped change it. Jackie Robinson with the help of Branch Rickey worked to reform the major leagues of not only one sport but all of them. How to cite First African-American in Baseball – â€Å"Jackie Robinson†, Essay examples

Od Interventions free essay sample

To have a visual study on an organization, one company was chosen as Interport Global Logistics Pvt. Ltd. The visit helped on to take a close look on the company’s various aspects. PROFILE One of the most professional solution providers in the logistics industry IGL has come a long way since its inception. Established in 1991 by current Chairman Managing Director Mr. Sham Bendre mainly to cater to local transportation services IGL gradually expanded to encompass critical services like Warehousing, Stevedoring, Custom Broking, Forwarding, Project Cargo Handling, NVOCC, 3PL logistics and Export/Import consolidation. Today, IGL has established offices in major cities and ports in India with warehousing facilities and transport equipment to handle any cargo independently. The company also has access to major international ports through its branch offices. Continuing with its tradition of growth and excellence, IGL acquired freight forwarding NVOCC Company in May 2000, thus strengthening its core competencies. The Company is now a registered multimodal operator, operating under own Bill of Lading, IATA, FMC OTI License holder and Custom House Clearing Agent. IGL Bill of Lading is insured with the British Marine Luxembourg SA Marine Transport Intermodal Cover. IGL is accredited with the prestigious ISO 9000:2000, ISO 14001:2004, ISO 18000:2007 Certification. MISSION Our mission is to provide economical and efficient logistic services to our clients helping their business to become more profitable and competitive in the global market place. IGL is one of the leading service providers for total logistics requirements in India. Our door-to-door services are available at load ports and discharge ports. VISION To provide professionally managed reliable â€Å"One Stop, Door-to-Door Global Logistics Solutions† with commitment, dedication and promise to maintain and enhance the quality of services at realistic costs.  values Customer Focus We listen and anticipate your needs We are easy to do business with We deliver on our commitment and strive to exceed expectation Ethics Integrity We believe in being honest and truthful at all times We are committed to the training and development of our people We instill trust and loyalty from our suppliers Quality Innovation We aim for total quality in all we do We are constantly innovating with new idea s and technology We have a policy of continuous review How can we help? We will take nothing for granted! We believe in providing a dedicated customer service manager who will become fully conversant with all your needs and who will work closely with you in identifying opportunities for further cost savings. We will adopt a consultative approach of listening to you in order to fully understand your business requirements before identifying the solution that is right for your business. Our services and pricing structure are based on innovation and on the fair and equitable assessment of the market. CORPORATE TEAM Well-experienced and qualified young executives ready to work round the clock and available for their clients. Operation executives posted at Ports/CFS are well versed with port and custom procedures. Our success is our TEAMWORK. The team comprises of seasoned professionals who are highly skilled in the field of communication, documentation, operations management, export packing, transportation, inventory/supply-chain management and project management. They value hard work, dedication and integrity in all tasks at hand. These qualities, combined with up-to-date knowledge of the past, current and potential logistic issues places the company in a best position to provide the client with the most successful logistics solutions in the Indian market. Our business associates around the world enable us to weave a global network that integrates with our promise to deliver your goods effectively on time every time. Our clientele includes a broad spectrum of personalities from the business world ranging from small exporters importers to large Multinational Corporations moving major volumes of freight worldwide. ORGANIZATION CHART . FROM THE MANAGER’S DESK The managers have a very positive attitude towards the aim and welfare of the company, they share their thoughts â€Å"Our employees are our biggest strength in delivering optimum solutions to our clients. † â€Å"Having entered the 20th year of operations, IGL has come a long way since its inception in 1991 and now regarded as one of the most professional logistics solution providers in the industry. We meet challenges head on with our unique professional skills, teamwork, hard work, resilience and innovative strategies while maintaining a positive attitude throughout and following the best practices. As a result we have positioned ourselves as an aggressive and dynamic â€Å"total logistics solutions door-to-door service provider† with a worldwide coverage. While budgetary planning and cost control has always been paramount to modern business management, many important business decisions need to be assessed and analysed in terms of logistics. Therefore, our mission has always been to provide economical and efficient total logistics services to our clients to enable them to make their products more profitable and competitive in the fiercely competitive global market place. We will continue to play to our strengths and work with you to ensure that we continue to serve our clients innovatively and effectively to build long-term relationships. And, finally, we want our investors to be secure in the knowledge that their investment is in a sound company that adheres to the highest levels of financial and corporate governance and delivers a reasonable rate of return on capital employed. † OUR PRINCIPLES INDEPENDENCE: IGL is a closely held, independent organization that bases its code of conduct on the traditional values of an Indian family. In setting our aims and ambitions for the future, the managing team at IGL believes that mutual trust must exist between our clients, staff and partners to ensure success. It is with this concept that the people at the helm feel assured of having established stable, sound foundation for the future. EQUALITY: To achieve its ambitions, the Company has determined that equality in all respects must prevail throughout the company so that staff, our most important asset, can act freely with confidence in their own ability. RESPONSIBILITY: The purpose of our group is for planned, sustained growth within the accepted parameters of ethical business resulting in a long-term relationship with our clients and the well being of our staff and partners. CORE SERVICES Freight Forwarding IGL has a well-established global freight and trade network, offering a single-source solution to manage and transport freight. With an extensive team of experts supervising operations, IGL offers the best-fit customized solutions with its unparalleled access to a vast agent network of air, ocean, rail or road transport facilities. All of which provides its customers with faster and wider access to vital markets globally. What’s more is that, with the large volumes it handles, IGL is also able to offer to customers extremely competitive freight rates across multiple locations. Our Unique Selling Prepositions are: Single Negotiable Documents. Our own Custom Clearance License register in all ports, ICD’s and airports. Door-to-Door Service to any worldwide destination. Ability to offer customized solutions based on individual customer requirements. Range of services that cover every aspect of supply chain solution. Wide international network of partners to expedite cargo movement. Excellent relationships with shipping lines to achieve priority shipping. Documentation Support System. Presence in co-related activities by partner companies, i. e. Shipping, Warehousing, Custom Clearance, Project Forwarding. 247 IVRS, on line Cargo Tracking System and SMS service Domestic and International Moving Services The movement household item is fundamental to the relocation process. Integrating the move into a total relocation package can help to reduce overall costs through savings on temporary living and storage arrangements. IGL consultants will work with you to design a complete door-to-door moving service to support you and your relocating employees. IGL s professional moving consultants, packing crews and move managers will handhold your relocating employees through the move process to ensure that all logistical considerations are planned to perfection to ensure a successful and smooth relocation. IGL will arrange for all freight and transportation of household goods. IGL will help arrange for all necessary paperwork and customs documentation to fully prepare the household goods move for shipping. The IGL move manager will provide advice on any customs restrictions as part of the international move. The aim of the service is to provide a level of care that ensures your relocating employees and their household items arrive safely at their new location on time. Our Professional Moving services include: Pre-Move Survey and consultation Export/ Import Documentation support Professional packing of household goods in the home Transportation of household goods Customs clearance Delivery of household goods at destination Comprehensive All Risks Transit Protection NETWORK INTERNATIONAL INDIA

Public Policy and Social Inequality

Introduction During the 20th century, the world experienced tremendous changes that changed the status of life of many individuals. Among the effects that came about as a result of this change is the decline in inequality among populations. In the United States for instance, inequality decline for the better part of the 20th century1.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Public Policy and Social Inequality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, in the last quarter of the 20th century, this trend changed and inequality within the population started to rise again. From the studies that have been conducted, it has been identified that the inequality changes that have been experienced in the different states of the world are not monotonic; other factors play a critical role in determining its trends. Some of the factors that have been identified include politics, public policies and the economic status of the world2. T he main aim of this essay therefore is to determine the impacts of public policies on social inequality. To achieve this, the essay shall focus on public policies that have been advanced in different nations and the effects that they have had on individuals of different social classes. Public Policy and Social Inequality During the 20th century, most states of the world set up millennium development goals. The aim of these goals was to ensure that they enjoy social, political and economic growth. This will ensure that the quality of life for each and every individual within the society had increased. To achieve these goals, different states of the world came up with a number of strategies and policies3. In developed nations, these policies and strategies became fruitful. As a result, tremendous growth and development were experienced in the most of the 20th century. Despite the great recession of the 1930s, most nations experienced a positive growth on the grounds of political, soci al and economic development. During the 1960s, it was projected that the people who were living in the United States at that time were living a better life that than those who were living 50 years prior4.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was also the case in many other nations in the world. However, since the 1980s, the level of inequality has started to increase. This trend has been credited by a number of scholars to the public policies that many nations adopt. Most of these policies affect the provision of basic needs and services such as health, education, shelter, wages and taxes. Since the 20th century, education has been viewed as a basic necessity in ensuring that a positive growth and development of the community is achieved. Therefore, many nations such as USA have enacted policies that govern education. To ensure that education is available to all individual ir respective of their background, race or culture, USA for example, enacted the No Child Left Behind policy5. From its description, goals and objectives, this policy seems to be a good idea that will increase the enrolment of students into elementary and secondary schools. Indeed, after this policy was enacted, the number of new student registration increased. This in turn increased the number of student in public schools. Classes were filled to capacity thus giving teachers a hard time to carter for the needs of each and every student. For those students who came from the upper middle class families and first class families that could afford private education, most of them were transferred into these schools. However, the majority of the students who were enrolled into school after the policy was passed came from poor families. They therefore cannot afford to pay tuition fees of private schools. As a result, such students end up receiving a low quality education. This in turn minimiz es their chances of joining better institutions of higher learning and pursuing a career that will boost their lives and that of their dependants. This makes them to linger within the poverty paradox6. This scenario is even worse in developing countries especially in South America, Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa where the proportion of the individuals who live below the poverty line is more than 50% of the population. In such states, the government does not even have enough money to fund public education. Therefore, the individuals from first class families, who have access to quality education end up occupying better employment positions within the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Public Policy and Social Inequality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Health is an essential aspect in life. It has always been states that a country is as healthy as its citizens are7. It is due to this fact that all the countrie s in the world have passed policies and legislations that aim at improving the quality and affordability of healthcare and facilities. However, these policies have led to a similar outcome as that which was experienced in the case of education. As one moves up the social ladder, the number of individuals who fall victims to parasites and diseases and cannot afford it declines8. In the United Kingdom for instance, the health of the state is under the National Health Service (NHS)9. Instituted in 1948, NHS is responsible for formulating policies and strategies that will ensure that the citizens of the United Kingdom live a healthy life. This will enable them to achieve their personal and societal goals and objectives. NHS has two principles; right to welfare and comprehensiveness10. According to the first principle, it is the right of every citizen to receive healthcare courtesy of the state. The comprehensiveness principle on the other hand states that it is the mandate of the NHS to cover all citizens of the nation in its plans and policies. These two principles have in turn increased the number of patients in public hospitals. Exhaustion of resources has always been reported. This, coupled with the rising costs of healthcare has reduced the quality of health that the poor people are enjoying in UK. From the statistics that have been collected in the UK, it has been identified that the individuals from poor families including their children stand high chances of becoming victims of diseases, parasites and violence11. In addition, the same statistics show that more adults from poor families are likely to succumb to diseases such as cancer, diabetes and HIV. Conclusion From the discussions that have been presented in this paper, it is evident that public policies are formulated to achieve socio-economic and political stability. However, through their implementation, inequality arises leading to some individuals within the society benefiting from the policy while other continues to suffer.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the discussions that have been presented in this paper, it has been identified that it is the individuals from the lower class who suffer the most from the implementation of public policies. Therefore, it is essential for states to formulate public policies that are equal and fair in the short run and in the long run. This will guarantee that social, economic and political development is achieved. Works Cited Blumenfeld, S, Is Public Education Necessary? Arizona,Old Greenwich, 1985 Lee, D., ‘Wage Inequality in the United States During the 1980s: Rising Dispersion or Falling Minimum Wage’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 114 No. 3, 2009, pp. 977-1023. McKee, M., ‘What can Health Services Contribute to the Reduction of Inequalities In Health?’, Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, Vol. 30 No. 30, 2010, pp. 54-58. McQuaig L. The Wealthy Banker’s Wife: The Assault on Equality in Canada. Toronto, Penguin, 1993. Reading, R., ‘Do Intervent ions that Improve Immunization Uptake also Reduce Social Inequalities in Uptake?’, British Medical Journal, Vol. 308, No. 2, 2004, pp. 1142-4. Schickler, E., ‘Institutional Change in the House of Representatives, 1867-1998: A Test of Partisan and Ideological Power Balance Models’, American Political Science Review, Vol. 94 No. 15, 2000, pp. 269-88. Sombart, W., Economic life in the modern age. New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction Publishers, 2011 Weingast; B., ‘The Political Economy of Benefits and Costs: A Neoclassical Approach to Distributive Politics’, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 89 No. 4, 2001, pp. 642-664. Footnotes 1 D, Lee, ‘Wage Inequality in the United States During the 1980s: Rising Dispersion or Falling Minimum Wage’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 114 No. 3, 2009, pp. 977- 1023. 2 D, Lee, ‘Wage Inequality in the United States During the 1980s: Rising Dispersion or Falling Minimum Wage’, Quarterly Journ al of Economics, Vol. 114 No. 3, 2009, pp. 977- 1023 3Â  L, McQuaig, The Wealthy Banker’s Wife: The Assault on Equality in Canada, Toronto, Penguin, 1993, p. 126 4 E, Schickler, ‘Institutional Change in the House of Representatives, 1867-1998: A Test of Partisan and Ideological Power Balance Models’, American Political Science Review, Vol. 94 No. 15, 2000, pp. 269-88. 5Â  S, Blumenfeld, Is Public Education Necessary? Arizona, Old Greenwich, 1985, p. 41 6 W, Sombart, Economic life in the modern age. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2011, p. 12 7Â  W, Sombart, Economic life in the modern age. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2011, p. 12 8Â  M, McKee, ‘What can Health Services Contribute to the Reduction of Inequalities In Health?’, Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, Vol. 30 No. 30, 2010, pp. 54-58. 9 R, Reading, ‘Do Interventions that Improve Immunization Uptake also Reduce Social Inequalities in Uptake?’, Briti sh Medical Journal, Vol. 308, No. 2, 2004, pp. 1142-4. 10Â  R, Reading, ‘Do Interventions that Improve Immunization Uptake also Reduce Social Inequalities in Uptake?’, British Medical Journal, Vol. 308, No. 2, 2004, pp. 1142-4. 11Â  B, Weingast, ‘The Political Economy of Benefits and Costs: A Neoclassical Approach to Distributive Politics’, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 89 No. 4, 2001, pp. 642-664. This essay on Public Policy and Social Inequality was written and submitted by user Nathanael R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Approaches and Methodologies of New Product Development

The Approaches and Methodologies of New Product Development Introduction New products create a good opportunity for organisations. This ensures that an organization is on a creative plane where it can stimulate profitability growth. This can help organizations to expand their business operations from domestic to international levels (Parsons and Maclaran, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The Approaches and Methodologies of New Product Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For this to happen, the new product development process strategies should be employed by the organization to encourage and harness the creative and innovative talent within it (Annacchino, 2003). The research answers various questions. These include: what are the strategies for new product development for soft drinks? Will the process facilitate efficient communication for the new product development project ranging from learning to training to best practices? Does the process provide an agre ement on the criteria for investment in a new product development and its branding and post launch evaluation? Consequently, the research should recognize the challenges that new product development process encounters. This should be inclusive of accountability and possession of all associated capital spending decisions (Kumar Phrommathed 2005). Thesis statement The main aim of the research paper is to assess and analyse the approaches and methodologies of new product development. This will be achieved through comparing the relevant literature related to the research topic. Notably, the new product development (NDP) is vital for the company’s growth and prosperity. Though it is not easy to manage, the NPD leads to opening new markets and attracting new customers. It also helps organizations to enlarge their capabilities and provide higher qualities on final products. New product development has stages and activities related to the idea of launching new products and with syst ematic approaches to the phases in the company. In this case, the probability of the company succeeding and securing a long time survival is very high. The new product is the most critical factor for organizations because customers or clients needs change rapidly and fosters competition among companies. Competition leads to positive impacts because it forces the organization to bring new products to the market. In addition, the products are offered at a reduced cost. Furthermore, competition improves the quality of products for consumption (Brown, Leavitt, Wright American Productivity Quality Center, 2004). Methodology This research study will mainly use qualitative research methods from both secondary and primary sources. The secondary sources for the dissertation will include the academic journals, books, papers and the internet, which will help identify areas of best practices. The primary sources of data will include members of the product team, the marketing and sales manager s, the manufacturing and production managers and the other employees who were involved in the new product development process (Weinberg, 2001).Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The dissertation will use various methods of qualitative research. This includes questionnaires and interviews. In addition, observations and documentary analysis will be used. I prefer the qualitative methods of research for this study given the qualitative nature of the data required (Liamputtong, 2009). Through the observation method, it will be easy for me to note the companies where the process of new product development has taken place. I will also make use of appropriate documents related to the study. This will include the private reports and records. Video recorders and cameras will also be used to reinforce observations. In addition, through the personal first hand experience of the new product development, understanding will be facilitated (Johnson Christensen, 2012). The interview will also be helpful as it aids in generating a large amount of data. I shall employ tape recording for later transcription. One can search for opinions, check an apparent contradiction, ask for clarifications, seek comparisons, ask for further information, aim for comprehensiveness and pose alternatives through the use of interviews as a method of qualitative research. I will interview the managers of different departments including the project, production, marketing, and sales managers. I will also interview a few employees who were involved during the process of new product development (Kvale, 1997).  The questionnaires are also critical in the research for the new product development process in many ways. For instance, it exposes accurate facts or pursues answers to firm categories. The questionnaire should create room for checks and balances. It should also cater for any extensions and adjustments. The questions should also recognize the situation under which the feedback is provided. The questionnaires will be addressed to the managers or assistant managers from the departments that were associated with the new product development process. In this case, they will give details out of experiences during the NPD process (Bryman Bell, 2007). Expected Outcomes The data from the primary research will be compared with the literature presented. This is meant to find out how the new product development contributes or is instrumental to success of the product. Types and stages in the New Product Development Process The types of product development models include a departmental stage model, which holds that departments are responsible for various activities carried out. The other one is the activity stage models, which improves on the departmental models since they are more concerned about the actual activities carried out inclusive of various iterations of market testing.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The Approaches and Methodologies of New Product Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, there is the decision stage model that represents the NPD as a series of evaluation where decisions are made. This is with regard to either continuing with the project or not. Lastly, the conversion and the response models have their own explanations for the new product development process (Rafinejad, 2007). The stages or phases of new product development starting with the first step in the NPD include idea generation, which focuses on sourcing ideas, and idea screening whereby the sourced ideas are weighed and good ideas selected, and bad ideas rejected. The third stage is concept testing, which helps the company to find out if the consumers understand, need, and accept the product idea or not. The fourth stage is business analysis, which helps the company ide ntify whether the product is commercially profitable or not. The fifth stage is a product development whereby the company decides to bring the product to the market. The sixth stage is test marketing whereby the new product is introduced in the market in measured quantities. If the product becomes successful, it is then introduced on a large scale. The seventh stage is commercialization whereby after the test marketing is successful the company makes a large investment in the new product. The last stage is a review of the market performance that should give an answer to whether consumers are happy with the after sales service (Annacchino, 2003). Timetable for the dissertation research I am planning to start my dissertation research in two weeks time. The dissertation will explore how new products are successfully brought to market. Meanwhile, I am preparing to equip myself with all the necessary requirements for the research so that it can be perfect. I will first visit the companie s that have successfully practiced the process of NPD. I will collect data using the qualitative research methods that I have already mentioned. I will also research on organizations, which want to introduce new products to the market, see the strategies they are using, and do a follow up to inquire if they succeeded. This will take two weeks, and for those 14 days, I will schedule the stages or topics to be covered every day. In this case, before the end of two weeks, I will have covered every detail. In the third week, I will write down the final version. I will be grateful if my proposal is approved so as to correlate with my schedule. Therefore, the proposed research is likely to take three weeks before completion. The data collection will take a maximum of two weeks, whereas data analysis and report writing will take a week.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Literature review This field of new product development is widely researched in organizations and institutions. This concept has been integrated in many disciplines including, technology, management, business studies and policies, marketing and engineering. Personally, I have learned the new product development process as a topic in my management course and thus I have the theoretical knowledge about it. Such researches will show how organizations implement the new product development. Therefore, the research will provide or offer knowledge about the success of new product development. Managers have gained a lot from the research on new product development. Reference List Annacchino, M A 2003, New product development: From initial idea to product management, Butterworth Heinemann, Amsterdam. Brown, M, Leavitt, P, Wright, S American Productivity Quality Center 2004, New product development: A guide for your journey to best-practice processes, American Productivity Quality Center, Tex: Houston. Bryman, A Bell, E 2007, Business research methods, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford. Johnson, B Christensen, LB 2012, Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches, SAGE Publications, Calif Thousand Oaks. Kumar, S Phrommathed, P 2005, New product development: An empirical study of the effects of innovation strategy, organization learning, and market conditions, Springer Science +Business Media, New York. Kvale, S 1997, InterViews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing, Sage Publ., Thousand Oaks. Liamputtong, P 2009, Qualitative research methods, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, Vic. Parsons, E and Maclaran, P 2012, Contemporary Issues in Marketing and Consumer Behaviour, Routlegde, New York. Rafinejad, D 2007, Innovation, development and commercialization, J, Ross, Boca Raton, Fla. Weinberg, D 2001, Qualitative research methods, Blackwell Publishers, Malden, MA

Human Resource Management - Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Resource Management - Portfolio - Essay Example Finally based on the analysis and findings from the study a conclusion will be drawn. There are several definitions of recruitment exist. Eminent scholars such as Andrews defined recruitment as the process of discovering prospective talents for a particular job (Andrews, 1988, p.94). In simple words recruitment can be also portrayed as a method by which potential applicants are attracted for some kind of jobs in the organization. The process of recruitment is generally divided into two type namely formal recruitment process and informal recruitment process. However the process to be adopted for the purpose of recruitment varies from one company to the other. A number of scholars believe that employees are the central part of an organization as without the human resource, functioning of the organization will become literally impossible. A number of scholars around the world has researched in this subject and portrayed their views. Hence it is expected that large amount of literature regarding the recruitment process will be found. According to Randhawa (2007) recruitment is a process of searching the prospective candidates and inspiring them to apply for the employment in the organization. It can be also referred to as the method by which organization generates a pool of educated and eligible applicants. Hence from the author’s point of view recruitment is simply searching for potential employees for a particular job. Whether an organization follows informal or formal recruitment process, it should have a well defined recruitment policy. Similarly regarding the recruitment process, Bohlander and Snell (2007) stated that the sources of recruiting a candidate can be classified into formal and informal sources. The informal recruitment process is about recruiting the employees with the help of existing employee referral. On the other hand formal sources of recruitment can be illustrated as the process of recruitment

How the Internal and External Environment Effect Hublots Marketing Essay

How the Internal and External Environment Effect Hublots Marketing - Essay Example The researcher states that the internal influences tend to determine the marketing in more outlook. The management usually makes the decision that influences the marketing department in their objectives and priorities. Financial capability of the firm also plays a lot in marketing. The financial structure and policies should allow enough funds for the implementation of the marketing plans and strategy, thus if hub lot company have limited funds or in event locate less capital for the marketing department, then the department would not achieve their target as watches are products that need a huge investment in marketing policies to keep up with the new ones that may emerge. On the other hand, research and development of hub lot watches should ensure production of quality, attractive and be creative and innovative so that the product can compete in the market. The image that the company portrays and branding of the product help the marketing to create intermediaries and channels throug h which hub lot watches may enter the new market and rival the competitors. Hence the internal factors are key efficiency in the marketing of the hub lot company. External influences are situations that are beyond the company control. It is important for a company to manage their competitors in the market as they influence a lot on the performance of the company produces more so in pricing and market share of the product. Thus firms like hub lot watches must have an efficient marketing system to be more productive and keep pace with the new inventions. Economic factors do influence the market on various scenario since it determines the distribution of goods within the economy e.g. infrastructure, and since this is goods which need to reach the market for their respective customers, the efficient movement must be available.

DESCRIBE A RESTAURANT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DESCRIBE A RESTAURANT - Essay Example As is shown consistently by the Esquire Tavern, in order to succeed in hotel business, five values are principal and indispensible: harmonious coexistence with serene environment, hygiene, high value customer care and exemplary culinary skills. One of the factors that made me fall in irrevocable love with the Esquire Tavern is its close touch with serene environment. The perpetually popular restaurant is marooned in a tacky stretch of River Walk. Impeccably pruned trees and flowers, a large swimming pool and well kept lawn grace the restaurant’s surroundings. The aforementioned beautiful trees and flowers aerate the Esquire Tavern’s environment and gentle breeze help pleasantly soothe client’s sense of smell. The restaurant is located at least 400 meters from traffic, thereby guaranteeing clients serenity while rendering Esquire Tavern an oasis in the desert of the noise and the rough and tumble of the outside world. Inside the restaurant, the large swimming pool which is compartmentalized in its own yard easily complements the usefulness of the scorching high noon sun. The vastness of the Esquire Tavern provides customers with the power to choose between eating from the many spacious hotel rooms or from outside. Any client who has visited the Esquire Tavern will often testify of having been confused like a termite in a yo-yo when it comes to choosing a table. This is because, contrary to popular opinion that open air tables are more comfortable, the Esquire Tavern’s hotel rooms are equally appealing. Aesthetically stamped tin ceilings, an evocative wallpaper and 100ft-long wooden bar greet all clients who walk into the Esquire Tavern reception and hotel rooms (Trip Advisor, 1). In a closely related wavelength, the Esquire Tavern has constantly and consistently endeared itself to its customers by serving them with cuisine tasty enough to tickle anyone’s taste buds. At the Esquire Tavern, devilled eggs get studded with flowery pink peppercorns, while

The Exley Chemical Company Analysis

The Exley Chemical Company Analysis Muhao Zhou Abstract The Exley chemical company is a major chemical manufacturer making primarily industrial chemicals, plastics, and consumer products. Company sales and profits have grown, and its ratio of net profits to sales I about average for the industry. However, in the last year, both sales and profits have been disappointing. [G1]The company thinks it is the problem of new products constantly being introduced into the line and methods are changing constantly. This is not the major reason about company lost competition. [G2][G3]The major problem is internal conflict between team members and departments. Another problem is poor leadership and management of each department. Managers must find and implement ways that allow Exley Chemical Company operate efficiently. Conflict resolution and large group intervention may help the company [G4]achieve the goal.[G5][G6] Exley Chemical Company Case analysis Internal conflict problems are inevitable within an organization no matter the structure. The problems will exist unless companys managers recognize the situation and fix the problems. The cause of these problems is a result of [G7]departments conflict, unclear goals, disobedience, and lack of communications between each department.[G8][G9][G10] Conflicts were created with almost all the departments. The product development division using a small force of specialty sales people to conduct pilot marketing programs an initiative which was not well received by marketing people. The product division was given responsibility for market research. However, these still remained in the market division. After these things, the company set up a product manager for each group of products. This made company has more problems. [G11]First, the Product manager quarrels with the marketing department. The product manager often visits customers to get feedback while marketing executives are doing the same thing at same time. At this period of time, customers often get confused by this. The marketing vice president thinks that the product development intervenes their work. This should be marketing developments work. [G12][G13]Second, the calculating sales estimates are causing misinformation to be produced since the norm[G14]al within the compa ny[G15] is to use the total market as opposed to their share of the market.[G16] The product development group did not follow companys guidelines. They were doing this in their own way. [G17]Third, the company ignored the [G18]customers ideas and competitors in industry. When most customers give advice for the company, they did not give feedback on this. The competitors have a lower price of the similar products compare with Exley.   Each division head works on the project that makes the most for their division. They want to [G19][G20][G21]maximize the potential of their department. This is not the companys goal after examining the environment of Exleys business. [G22]Organizational environments are everything beyond the boundaries of organizations that can directly or indirectly affect performance and outcomes. It includes external agents that directly affect the organization, such as suppliers, customers, regulators, and competitors, as well as indirect influences in the wider c ultural, political, and economic context. There are two classes of environments called general environment and industry structure or task environment. In this case, Exley companys general environment is certain and simple. Technologically, the company is dependent on new products innovation. At industry structure or task environment, as defined by Michael Porter, an organizations task environment consists of fine forces: supplier power, buyer power, threats of substitutes, threats of entry and rivalry among competitions. [G23][G24]At this point, Exley Company is moderated competitive and high pressure on profits. The threats of entry are low. It is difficult and costly to enter this market. Chemical industry needs high knowledge research people to keep innovation and equipment is expensive to obtain. The threats of substitute products are high. The competitors always have methods to get more market share with a lower price or new products. The force of suppliers power is low because the resources are available anywhere. The customers forces are high. The buyers are willing to pay a low price for similar products. Finally, rivalry among firms is severe. The Exley chemical company current is the average of the total industry which indicates that they have a lot of competitors. [G25][G26][G27][G28][G29][G30]The company is facing the threats from buyer power and rivalry among competitions but none of them get noticed by the company.[G31][G32][G33][G34][G35][G36][G37][G38][G39][G40][G41][G42][G43] Exley chemical company establish the product development division to manage the increasing number of new products. The product development division was charged with coordinating in developing new products, including recommending manufacturing capacity, sales programs, and so on. The company has found the problems and conflict in several departments. The role of this division is like OD practitioner.   [G44]Based on the book, OD is vitally dependent on effective diagnosis to access how the organization in functioning and to choose an appropriate change intervention. New product development division has taken on a life of its own, opting to market its new developments instead of passing the new products to the other divisions to handle their usual responsibilities. It is difficult to coordinate the companies operations under this division. The director of product development division who should have the expertise and experience to work with members on the issues like an OD practition er but the self-proclaimed independence of this new division is causing conflicts among the other divisions that previously collaborated effectively. New division could not solve the problems of lack communication between each division. [G45][G46] Exley chemical companys organization structure is also a big problem. The company is a matrix organization. Matrix organizational designs originally evolved in the aerospace industry, where changing customer demands and technological conditions caused managers to focus on lateral relationships between functions to develop a flexible and adaptable system of resources and procedures, and to achieve a series of project objectives. On the positive side, it allows multiple orientations. New products or projects can be implemented quickly by using people flexible and moving between product and functional orientations as circumstances demand. It can maintain consistency among departments and projects by requiring communication among managers. Unfortunately, Exley chemical company did not get any advantage on that organization structure. [G47][G48][G49]There are miscommunicate with each divisions managers and unable to shift emphasis by environment changes. Matrix structures are motivating a nd exciting for many people. On the negative side, the company without balancing between product and functional forms which lower the overall performance. The crisis management and conflicts under inconsistent demands by this structure. Matrix structures are appropriate under three important conditions. First, there must be [G50]outside pressures for a dual focus. Exley chemical company has a unique research department which focuses on innovation new products[G51]. They also have different products in several markets. Second, the organization must process a large amount of information. When external environmental demands change, the company should have to make a proper decision. Exley Company cannot process a large amount of information. [G52][G53][G54]Most important information from competitors and customers were ignored by the company because of the lack of communications and team collaboration inefficiently in the organization. [G55][G56][G57]Third, there must be pressures for sh ared resources. When customer demands vary greatly and technological requirements are strict, valuable human and physical resources are likely to be scarce. Exley chemical company might fail under this structure if any of these conditions are not met. [G58][G59] Recommendations for Exley chemical company Based on the analysis above, I would recommend an intergroup conflict intervention and select an OD professional from outside to training and helping organization managers. Intergroup conflict intervention is designed specifically to help two or more groups or departments within an organization resolve dysfunctional conflicts. In this case, there are conflicts between the different divisions as to who is responsible for what and when. Whether it between the product division and the marketing division, or the sales department and the marketing division, each of them must be able to overcome these problems. According to Blake and his associates, the basic strategy for improving intergroup relationships consists of a ten-step procedure. For Exley chemical company to apply this intergroup conflict intervention, the external OD practitioner should obtain all these department managers agreement to work together. OD practitioner set a time for managers to meet. The next thing is OD practitioner with managers describe the purpose and objectives of the meeting: to develop better mutual relationships, explore the perceptions the groups have of each other and form ulate plans for improving the relationship. The OD practitioner lets each group managers answer the questions and describes other managers. In this case, I would question the managers: what is your department goal and what is your job? and what do you think other departments goal and what is their job? After they completing their questions, each group managers should present their answers. By this point, the misperceptions and discrepancies have been brought to light. The managers of the company could thoroughly understand each other job and goals. At last, [G60][G61][G62]managers are asked to set a specific plan of action for solving problems and for improving their relationships. There will be a follow-up meeting about how these problems implemented and identify any further problems that have emerged. [G63][G64] Intergroup conflict intervention will keep the companies goals in mind and everyone working in the same direction.[G65][G66][G67][G68][G69] Another recommendation is Exley chemical company should find an external consultant or OD practitioner to find and solve companys problems.   The current product development division seems like a role of OD but they are not experienced and professional to solve the conflicts among the departments in an organization.[G70][G71] Conclusion Matrix structure organization like Exley chemical company has its own advantages and disadvantages. I would not recommend that Exley chemical company restructures the organization. [G72]The major problems of Exley chemical company are conflicts among each department. Lack of communication of departments causes each department just work on their own project. [G73]Intergroup Conflict intervention and OD practitioner will help managers achieve their task and solve organizations problems.[G74][G75][G76][G77]

Nature vs. Nurture: Leaning Towards the Nurture Theory Essay -- Geneti

Is nature responsible for the way children think and behave, or is it due to the way a child is nurtured? Scientists and psychologists have been debating the subject of nature versus nurture for decades. The term â€Å"nature† refers to heredity, or the genetic traits passed down from parent to child (Powell, 2010). Researchers all over the world attempt to prove that genetics is the sole explanation of a child’s intelligence and personality. Human DNA determines traits such as eye color, nose shape, and hair color. While a child’s DNA can determine his or her risk of Down Syndrome, heart disease, or cancer; there is not significant proof of DNA determining personality traits (Heredity, 2011). The nurture side of the argument refers to a child’s upbringing. This includes where and how the child was raised and in what circumstances (Powell, 2010). A child’s environment can determine if he or she grows into a well behaved young person, or one with personality issues (Onkal, 2005). Nurture also refers to a child’s life experiences. These experiences shape and define the way a child thinks and acts (Onkal, 2005). Research has been conducted for both sides of the Nature vs. Nurture debate and, while no solid conclusion has come to the argument, research tends to favor the environment’s influence on personality. The first side of the nature versus nurture debate is the nature theory. The nature theory states that characteristics such as eye and hair colors, as well as personality and intelligence, are all determined by one’s genetic code (Powell, 2010). A person’s genetic code, or DNA, is determined by the DNA of both biological parents. This passing of traits from both parents to their offspring is called heredity. Each pare... ...arning Place Online. Learning Place Online. Web. 30 Sept. 2011. . Onkal, Rustem, Andrea Levine, Jack Payne, Nate Vernon, and Michael Blithe. "Neuroscience Of Intelligence." Macalester College: Private Liberal Arts College. Macalester College, Spring 2005. Web. 12 Sept. 2011. . Powell, Kimberly. "Nature vs Nurture - How Heredity and Environment Shape Who We Are." About Genealogy - Learn How to Research Your Family Tree. A New York Times Company, 19 July 2010. Web. 12 Sept. 2011. . Vargas, Julie S. "A Brief Biography of B.F. Skinner." B.F. Skinner Foundation. 2005. Web. 12 Sept. 2011. .

Review of Literature Related to River Water Quality in Ireland

2.0 Literature Review2.1 River Water Quality in IrelandNational studies of Irish rivers have been carried out since 1971. In 1971, 2,900km of river channel was surveyed. The studies consisted of chemical and biological appraisals. This was before the constitution of the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , the competent authorization at the clip was An Foras Forbartha. The EPA was established in 1992 and they so became the competent authorization for H2O quality monitoring in Ireland. In 2006, the EU Water Framework Directive Monitoring Programme was implemented. From 2004-2006, 13,240km of river channel was surveyed, with biological trying carried out at 2,985 trying sites on 1,151 rivers and chemical sampling at 2,500 sites. ( EPA, 2008 ) The Monitoring Programme was put in topographic point to run into the demands of the EU Water Framework Directive ( 2000/60/EC ) , the European Communities ( Water Quality ) Regulations, 2003, Groundwater Regulations ( S.I. No 9 of 2010 ) , and Environmental Objectives European Communities ( Surface Water ) 2009. From 2007-2009, of the 13,240km surveyed the river quality showed 70 % were uncontaminated and 30 % were damaged to a greater to lesser extent. The National Water Monitoring Reports are compiled and published every three old ages. The most recent study 2011 showed that 20.1 % of rivers had high position, 48.8 % good position, 20.7 % moderate position, 10 % hapless position and 0.4 % river channel was bad position. ( EPA, 2011 )2.2 Ashlane River SourceAshlane River is sourced from Lough Gill. It flows downstream via the Garavogue River. It diverts into its ain watercourse known as Ashlane River. The River flows through Hazelwood Demesne and so through the Institute of Technology. And so out to Carton Bay which flows to Sligo Harbour. *waiting on info from Sligo Coco to finish this subdivision2.3 Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC2.3.1 OverviewThe Water Framework Directive was introduced in 2000. It established the legal model to protect, preserve and better the quality of surface, transitional and coastal Waterss and groundwater where necessary. It besides includes modified and unreal H2O organic structures. The Water Framework Directive sets out clear deadlines. The primary aim set out in the Water Framework Directive is to accomplish at least good H2O position by December 2015. The Directive was transposed into Irish statute law by the Water Policy Regulations ( S.I. No 722 of 2003 ) , Surface Water Regulations ( S.I. No 272 of 2009 ) and Groundwater Regulations ( S.I. No 9 of 2010 ) . These ordinances govern the form of the Directive by word picture, monitoring and position appraisal programmes. The Directive besides aims to continue, protect and enhance Waterss and manage H2O organic structures based on river basins or catchments. The definition of good H2O position for surface Waterss is based on its ecological position and chemical position. The Directive set out five ecological position categories: ‘high’ , ‘good’ , ‘moderate’ , ‘poor’ and ‘bad’ . ( EPA, 2005 )2.3.2 River Basin DistrictsA river basin is defined as an country of land from which surface run-off flows through watercourses, rivers and lakes into the sea at a river oral cavity or estuary. In 2003, the designation of the River Basin Districts and competent governments were completed. For each RBD a River Basin Management Plan ( RBMP ) was developed and implemented. The chief purpose of the RBD is to make an incorporate monitoring and direction system for all Waterss within each RBD, to bring forth RBMP. ( EPA, 2005 ) Figure 1: The eight River Basin Districts of Ireland. ( Water Matters, 2007 )2.3.3 Characterisation ( Article 5 ) Summary ReportsUnder the WFD a drumhead word picture study ( article 5 ) was developed in 2004 for all RBD in their legal power. This needed: ‘an analysis of RBD characteristics’ ‘A reappraisal of the impact of human activity on the position of surface Waterss and on groundwater’ ‘An economic analysis of H2O use’ The chief aim of the word picture study was to supply a sum-up of the initial word picture at each RBD degree. To make this physical, chemical and biological characteristics of surface H2O and groundwater were assessed alongside the force per unit areas due to human activity. The study identified the H2O organic structures at hazard or non at hazard of accomplishing the ‘good H2O status’ by 2015. ( EPA, 2005 ) The word picture study has given a image of the present province of H2O organic structures within each RBD. It gives a better apprehension of the future province of all H2O organic structures and provided a starting point for the design of the ‘Programme of Measures’ . The Programme of Measure is a combination of policies and direction actions for the bar of impairment of H2O quality position utilizing a cost effectual attack. . ( EPA, 2005 ) It sets out the steps that may necessitate to be taken and developed into each RBMP of the RBD. The Programme of Measures, are steps needed to run into the aims set out in the WFD in those H2O organic structures non accomplishing or at hazard of non accomplishing good position. ( EPA, 2005 )2.2.4 River Basin Management PlansIn 2009, the RBMPs were finalised and implemented into each RBD. The RBMPs set out specific environmental aims to be achieved by December 2015. They identify the programme of measured and the actions that will be taken in achieved these marks. They besides cover aims that are non set out in statute law but that are auxiliary steps in achieves the good H2O position. The competent authorization for the execution of the RBMPs is the local governments. ( EPA, 2005 )2.2.5 Monitoring RequirementsThe monitoring demands are set out in the WFD. The monitoring of groundwater and surface-water commenced in 2007. They were assigned to several bureaus ; EPA, Local Authorities, Marine Institute, Fisheries Boards, Waterways Ireland, OPW and NPWS. The WFD lay out 3 types of monitoring that is carried out on surface Waterss in order to accomplish and protect H2O organic structures. They are surveillance monitoring, operational monitoring and fact-finding monitoring. ( EPA, 2008 ) Surveillance Monitoring ( SM ) is to build an effectual program for all future monitoring programmes, to measure long term alterations in natural conditions in order to find the non-natural and the natural alterations in an ecosystem and buttocks long term alterations as a consequence of widespread anthropogenetic activity. It is besides the demand to supply supplementing and formalizing the impact assessment process detailed in Annex 11 of the Directive Operational Monitoring ( OM ) is supervising of the countries that have been at hazard of neglecting to run into the environmental aims and find the position and to measure alterations in the H2O organic structure position that have resulted from programmes of steps. Fact-finding Monitoring ( IM ) is required in countries where the exceedance of environmental aims is unknown ; it may be due to inadvertent pollution. And where surveillance monitoring indicates that the aims for a organic structure of H2O are improbable to be achieved and operational monitoring has non been established. ( Ferreira et al. , 2007 )2.2.6 Surface Water ClassificationThe position is determined by appraisal of ecological position, ecological potency and chemical position. Surface H2O are classified as High ( A ) , good ( A ) , moderate ( B ) , hapless ( C ) and bad ( D ) position. Water organic structures of high and good position are Class A Waterss as the H2O organic structure is accomplishing the WFD demands. These H2O organic structures have really small or no pollution. Moderate, hapless and bad position are underperforming and non go throughing the WFD demands. Pollution is present in these H2O organic structures. But aim to accomplish the good H2O position by 2015 .2.5 Water Quality Monitoring2.3.1 Physical-Chemical Water Quality MonitoringPhysical-chemical monitoring four times a twelvemonth and is carried out to garner specific H2O quality features. The WFD requires monitoring of rivers for thermic conditions, oxygenation conditions, acidification position and alimentary conditions. The parametric quantities tested on river H2O include: pH, temperature, dissolved O, conduction, P, alkalinity and Suspended Solids. These trials help to place the beginnings of pollution for carry oning appraisals on ecological impacts. ( EPA, 2007 ) For Ireland the chief pollutants of concern are foods and oxygenation conditions as they cause issues such as eutrophication and organic pollution. ( EPA, 2011 ) There are three elements: a ) ‘General constituents ( physico-chemical )quality elements are as specified in WFD Annex VIII ( 10 – 12 ) , ’B ) ‘Specific relevant pollutantsare those identified by Member States as being discharged in important measures ; this is besides specified in WFD Annex VIII ( 1 – 9 ) , ’degree Celsius ) ‘Precedence substancesare specified in WFD Annex X and for present intents the listing of precedence substances besides includes the unsafe substances as per the demands of WFD Annex IX’ ( EPA, 2007 ) General constituents are the scene of the Environmental Quality Standard Values for the high/good and good centrist position. Specific relevant pollutants refers to the directive for the scene of a individual EQS for each pollutant, failure to accomplish the EQS will ensue in non run intoing the good H2O position. Priority substances every bit required by the WFD are puting a individual criterion that divides the chemical position of ‘good’ and neglecting to accomplish good’ . Failure in accomplishing any of the above criterions mentioned will ensue in non accomplishing the good chemical position by 2015. ( EPA, 2007 )2.3.2 Biological Water Quality MonitoringBiological monitoring is carried out one every 3 old ages on all rivers under the WFD. The biological quality elements measured are Phytoplankton, macrophytes, invertebrates and fish. For rivers of bad position, monitoring of macro invertebrates is required to be carried out one time a twelvemonth lower limit. Benthic invertebrates ( E.g. Mayflies, rock flies, runts and pelecypods etc. , ) are good ecological indexs of pollution as they are really sensitive to alterations in an ecosystem. E.g. Organic pollution. The community diverseness in an ecosystem will worsen in the presence of organic pollution. The more sensitive species are replaced by more tolerant invertebrates in the presence of high degrees of pollution. ( EPA, 2007 ) For the appraisal of Irish Rivers, macro invertebrates have been divided into five index groups: ‘Group A, the sensitive signifiers, Group B, the less sensitive signifiers, Group C, the tolerant signifiers, Group D, the really tolerant signifiers and Group E, the most tolerant forms.’ A Biotic Index is used, it is a quality index based on the composing and copiousness of invertebrates in a specific H2O organic structure. A Q value is applied and used to find the ecological position of the river. ( EPA, 2007 )Biotic Index ( Q )StatusBoundary EQR valueQ5, Q4-5HighHigh /Good = 0.85 Good/Moderate = 0.75Q4GoodQ3-4ModerateQ3, Q2-3PoorQ2, Q1-2, Q1BadTable 1: Biotic Indexs ( Q Values ) relation to the WFD position classs ( EPA, 2007 )2.6 Water Pollutants2.4.1 PhosphorusPhosphorus is an indispensable food in surface Waterss for workss and animate beings. Phosphorus is a food of short supply in most fresh waters. High degrees of P in surface Waterss can do accelerated growing of workss and algae blooms. The accelerated growing can take to rapid O depletion or eutrophication of the H2O. This will go forth a H2O organic structure of low dissolved O so so it can non back up aquatic life, certain fish and invertebrates. In all H2O classs across Ireland P degrees have started to demo a diminution. This could be due to the reduction of inorganic fertilizer applications, storage betterments of organic fertilizers and the rigorous prohibition of distributing periods covered in the Good Agricultural Practice Regulations and increased norm rainfall 2008 – 2009. ( Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government ( DECLG ) and the Department of Agriculture and Food and the Marine ( DAFM ) , 2013 ) In 2012, 85.4 % phosphate concentrations & A ; lt ; 0.05mg/L P and 2 % phosphate concentrations greater than 0.1 mg/L P. Overall the phosphate concentrations are worsening but the consequences are rather varied from twelvemonth to twelvemonth. ( Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government ( DECLG ) and the Department of Agriculture and Food and the Marine ( DAFM ) , 2013 )2.4.2 Ammonia NitrogenNitrogen exists in Waterss in four chief signifiers: organic N, ammonium hydroxide N, nitrite N and nitrate N. In uncontaminated surface Waterss ammonia N is typically present in the scope of 0.01 – 0.5 mg/L N. There will besides be low degrees of organic N, no nitrite and higher degrees of nitrate. In uncontaminated Waterss nitrate is the dominant signifier of N. ( Donohue, A. , Geraghty. O. , 2012 ) Elevated degrees of ammonium hydroxide in surface Waterss are unwanted as it is an indicant of organic pollution and increases oxygen demand. High degrees of ammonium hydroxide in surface Waterss are really toxic to fish life. ( Donohue, A. , Geraghty. O. , 2012 )2.4.3 Nitrate NitrogenThe Nitrates Directive ( 91/676/EEC ) was introduced in 1991 with the chief aim of diminishing H2O pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural beginnings. The presence of nitrate ( NO3- ) in surface H2O is normal at low degrees. Beginnings of nitrate are: rainfall, decomposition of dirt organic affair and fertilisers/manures. Datas from the period 2000-2003 detected that no surface H2O in Ireland had nitrate degrees & A ; gt ; 50mg/L. ( Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government ( DECLG ) and the Department of Agriculture and Food and the Marine ( DAFM ) , 2013 ) In recent old ages at that place has been a lessening in the mean nitrate concentrations across all H2O classs under the WFD. In 2012 71.5 % had nitrate concentrations & A ; lt ; 10mg/L NO3- , 1.3 % had concentrations & A ; gt ; 25mg/L NO3- . Overall nitrate concentrations have been worsening since 2007. ( Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government ( DECLG ) and the Department of Agriculture and Food and the Marine ( DAFM ) , 2013 )MentionsDepartment of the Environment, Community and Local Government ( DECLG ) and the Department of Agriculture and Food and the Marine ( DAFM ) , ( 2013 ) . 2nd Review of Ireland’s Nitrates Action Programme. Ireland: Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government ( DECLG ) and the Department of Agriculture and Food and the Marine ( DAFM ) . Donohue, A. , Geraghty. O. , Environmetal Analysis 2 Laboratory Manual. Environmental Protection 2. ( 2012 ) EPA, ( 2005 ) . The Characterisation and Analysis of Ireland ‘s River Basin Districts. Irish republic: EPA. EPA, ( 2007 ) . Proposed Quality Standards for Surface Water Classification. Water Framework Directive. Irish republic: EPA. EPA, ( 2008 ) . The Water Framework Directive – A new direction attack. Ireland ‘s Environment. Irish republic: EPA. Ferreira, J. , Vale, C. , Soares, C. , Salas, F. , Stacey, P. , Bricker, S. , Silva, M. and Marques, J. ( 2007 ) . Monitoring of coastal and transitional Waterss under the E.U. Water Framework Directive. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 135 ( 1-3 ) , pp.195-216. McGarrigle, M. , Lucey, J. and Cineide, M. ( 2011 ) . WATER QUALITY IN IRELAND 2007-2009. Wexford, Ireland: EPA. Water Matters. ( 2007 ) . 1st erectile dysfunction. Shannon: CarbonNeutral.

Exploring Reliability and Validity

Exploring Reliability and Validity Types of reliability and validity used in the â€Å"Values and Motives Manual† One type of testing reliability used in the article is the inters of valid scores shown by the correlation co-efficient between VMI affection and 16PF are ‘privateness’ with a coefficient of -0.41, social desirability/ impression management with a correlation coefficient of 0.4, and those with higher values (Values and Motives Questionnaire, n.d., p. 23, table 5). VMI and OPP constructs indicate two scores having a correlation coefficient of 0.7. It indicates that the scores are strongly related. As a result of strong correlation, the social desirable coefficient for the two constructs is 0.58, and a central responding correlate of 0.75. Correlation coefficients that are less than 0.5 (normal) are invalid. For VIM/OPP, the valid scores are altruism/ cynical-trusting (0.51), traditional/ detailed-flexible (-0.58), affiliation/ reserved-gregarious (0.73) among others (Values and Motives Q uestionnaire, n.d., p. 25, table 6). Sample size and nature of population The larger the sample size, the lower the standard error. A high value in the standard error reduces the validity of the test. It may indicate that the scores are different from those in the population. The samples have been selected from a population which tends to have a higher education index than the overall population in the country. The population is more sophisticated because it mainly consists of undergraduate and postgraduate students. The research outcome may be different if the sample if drawn from the country’s population (Values and Motives Questionnaire, n.d.). An opinion about the test The test is valid and reliable if it used to interpret values among college students. It includes both undergraduate and postgraduate students. However, it cannot be used to make conclusions about the country’s population.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Exploring Reliability and Validity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kaplan, R., Saccuzzo, P. (2009). Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues (7th ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Phelan, C., Wren, J. (2006). Exploring Reliability in Academic Assessment. Retrieved from https://chfasoa.uni.edu/reliabilityandvalidity.htm Values and Motives Questionnaire. (n.d.). â€Å"Lecture notes†.

The False Moon by Shirley Golden Essay Example

The False Moon by Shirley Golden Essay Example The False Moon by Shirley Golden Paper The False Moon by Shirley Golden Paper Socialization is the procedure where a child slowly develops into an independent person. During the process, sociologists say that the main socialization happens at home. We reflect ourselves in our parents. It is therefore central for children to have stable homes, with good values and love, which is the essence of this short story. The False Moon is written by the American writer, Shirley Golden, in 2011. In this assignment I want to analyse the short story by looking at the narrator, the main character relationship to his mother, the title and the symbols. The short story is told by a first-person narrator, who is called Matt. On page 1, line 14, we get a physical description of the narrator, which helps us visualize how he looks: â€Å"I’m lanky, skinny, Im told, with large eyes and lashes more suited to a girl†. We also get the impression of him being lazy and tired of life. Page 1, line 26: â€Å"It was easy not to care, and I wasnt the sort to start a fight†. Here we can feel how tired the narrator is of his life conditions. Matt is very fervent about painting, and this is the only thing which drives him, which you can see on page 3, line 103: â€Å"Nothing else is important, not checking in at registration, not the fact Im covered in bruises from the gang down the road. This quote shows that nothing else than painting is important in his life. On page 2, line 42 the narrator says: â€Å"I didnt trust words, and that excluded me from most subjects; and I struggled with numbers, which barred me from the rest. But lines were reliable. I’d always liked lines. Here again, we get the impression that painting means everything to him, since it typically consists of lines. In contrast, he tells the reader that he does not trust words, which could have something to do with his relationship too his mother, because he thinks that the most things she says to him is bullshit. (Page 1, l. 12). The reason he likes lines so much, is becaus

The Case Study of Club Med Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Case Study of Club Med - Essay Example This cultural concept was picked up during the initial inception of Club Mediterranee whereby both Blitz and Trigano opted to create a vacation camp under the sun that could provide a relaxing experience to guests after the Second World War. Secondly, before the year 2000 it could be argued that the business was largely managed through a paternal approach of which Gilbert Trigano was cited saying that Gerard Blitz and her wife Claudine Blitz were the tutelary parents of the club. Moreover, Philippe Bourguignon who spearheaded major reforms before 2000 in the company, and enabled it to start generating massive profits was disowned by the company’s staffs because of his autocratic management style as they preferred Trigano’s paternalism approach. In regards to the force of competition, it can well be stated that before the year 2000 Club Med had managed to create a monopoly within a unsaturated market niche, which had low level of competition and to a greater extent it co uld be argued that Club Med was the among the first pioneers in the village-camp vacation resorts. According to Magretta (2011), the low threat of competition provided Club Med within an opportunity to expand faster and even diversify to other related businesses. Before the year 2000, Club Med faced low threats of competition since the village –camp vacation resorts had not yet gained wide fame and most players in the hospitality industry only focused on providing customers with high quality experience within high-class tourism facilities. In the studies by Saloner et al. (2001), the low threat of new entrants could further be attributed to the limited knowledge that potential competitors had about the operations of village camp vacation resort and the high amount of capital that was required since constructing a village required a huge pieces of land situated at strategic locations. Before the year 2000, the threat of substitutes was very eminent since there were many excell ent hotels and resorts that had been established. Moreover, substitutes presented a major competition more so for the high-end clients who preferred high-end hotels and luxurious resorts instead of the village-camps where tourist resided in camps. In regards to the buyers’ power, it was stated that because of the availability of numerous substitutes buyers wielded a lot of bargaining power and hence why Club Med offered it services at an affordable range. As for suppliers bargaining power, Magretta (2011) stated that a business organization would be able to wield more power against the suppliers if for instance the business organization buys supplies in large volumes, the switching cost of firms in the industry is low, and there is presence of substitute inputs. As for Club Med before 2000, it is correct to state that it had a stronger bargaining power because of the fact that it had a wide branch network and therefore, it bought its supplies in bulk, which means it was capab le of negotiating for better prices. Reasons for Club Med’s success between 1950s and 1990s In the writings by McLimore (1996), he attributed the success of any venture to the leadership of the venture. In regards to the case study of Club Med its success between 1950s and 1990s can largely be attributed to the exceptional leadership by Gerard Blitz and Gilbert Trigano, who

Federal Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Federal Program - Essay Example In the later years it was additionally expanded with other considerations. For instance, in 1972, it was expanded with the Clean Water act, the safe Drinking water Act in 1974, the Toxic substances control Act in 1976, and the Resource conservation and recovery act in 1976. The main effort was to make an improvement on the environmental protection. However, it also led to the creation of a number of materials. These included the Materials transportation board in 1975. This board currently forms a major part of the research and special programs administration in the DOT. The other creation was the Office of surface mining Reclamation and enforcement that was established in 1977 within the department of the interior. Since the inception of the Environmental protection agency, a particular meaning has been attached to the influence of nature. This means that the nation has been able to celebrate clean air, land, and water (OIRAOMB, 2015). The House of Representatives Subcommittee that is responsible for the oversight of the Environmental Protection agency is the subcommittee on the water resources and the environment. This has been based on the need to oversee the general matters of the issues that are related to the development of water resources, conservation and management, the control of water pollution and water related infrastructure, as well as the cleanup of any hazardous wastes. There are other subcommittees in the senate that have the oversight responsibility of environmental protection. They include the Agriculture, nutrition and forestry that are charged with the mandate to conserve forestry and natural resources. The commerce science and transportation subcommittee is charged with overseeing the ocean atmosphere, fisheries and forest guard. In addition, the energy and natural resources subcommittee deals with the regulation of energy, public lands, forests, water and power (Gibbs, 2015). Since the inception of the environmental protection agency or

Design bandpass FIR digital filter to extract sub-Hz low frequency Dissertation

Design bandpass FIR digital filter to extract sub-Hz low frequency signal - Dissertation Example The aim of this research work is to design and performance evaluation of 0.2 – 0.5 Hz Butterworth, Blackman and Chebyshev digital semi adaptive filters. For this work XILINX and MATLAB software’s were used for the design. As pert of practical research work these designs were translated Using FPGA hardware SPARTAN-3E kit. These were optimized, analyzed, compared and evaluated keeping the sampling frequency at 1Hz for 64 orders. These filters designed using software were tested by passing a sinusoidal test signal of 5 Hz along with noise and the filtered Output signals are presented. Signal to Noise ratios were evaluated, plotted and comparative analysis carried out in this paper. Keywords Digital filter, XILINX and MATLAB software’s, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), SPARTAN-3E, DSP Chips, DIP switches Contents ABSTRACT 2 Contents 3 1. INTRODUCTION. 5 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 7 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. 44 6. CONCLUSION 54 Reference list 55 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Problem statement. The possibility of real time and low cost digital filtering emerged in when general purpose of microcomputers were introduced in the 1970s. The earlier designed digital filters had limited precision and speed which limited them to a restricted their application to simple algorithms and low frequency . In the 1980s, in its historical development DSP Chips which were of higher special cost were introduced (Tomlinson 1991). This contained an on chip D/A converter were incorporated and later improvements in their speed and complexity were advanced by ICS . This gave birth to the advanced digital filter design of today ( VolKenberg, 1987). Availability of F.P.G.A series kits helps researchers to take practical designs of semi adaptive band pass filters from low to high frequencies. It is on this basis that this project is designed to provide a high factor and high performance factor in attenuating frequencies which are undesirable for certain applications like the elec trocardiogram. 1.2 Objective The objectives of this project are: To inter-grate a low pass and high pass digital filters in a substrate known as band pass filter. To design FIR band pass that can help to extract low frequency of between 0.2-0.5 Hz 1.3 Scope of work The scope of this work is to design and develop a finite impulse response band pass digital filter. The following lists of objectives must be completed with the following in mind: 1. The scope of this project is making literature review which will survey on the magazine, journal, textbooks or conference papers. 2. During literature review, all the information such as theory and design of a digital filter will be explored. 3. Calculation based on Butter-worth and Chebyshev response will be done 4. Entering of the filter characteristics to generate coefficients using the FDAT tool block. 5. After the coefficients have been generated by the use of the FDAT tool block, design simulation using the FIR block will be done. 6. Th e last step in the finite impulse response band base filter design will be to hardware verify the performance of the hardware in the loop. 7. The preliminary work will use MATLAB tools and the result will compare with the theoretical result. 8. Finally, fabricate and make measurement for analysis result will be made based on the designed device. 1.4 METHODOLOGY This project will start with the background study of band pass basic concept through hole

Hume vs Kant Causality Essay Example for Free

Hume vs Kant Causality Essay Humes ultimate goal in his philosophic endeavors was to undermine abstruse Philosophy. By focusing on the aspect of reason, Hume shows there are limitations to philosophy. Since he did not know the limits, he proposed to use reason to the best of his ability, but when he came to a boundary, that was the limit. He conjectured that we must study reason to find out what is beyond the capability of reason. Hume began his first examination if the mind by classifying its contents as Perceptions. Here therefore [he divided] all the perceptions of the mind into two classes or species. (27) First, Impressions represented an image of something that portrayed an immediate relationship. Secondly, there were thoughts and ideas, which constituted the less vivid impressions. For example, the recalling of a memory. From this distinction, Hume decreed that all ideas had origin within impressions. From the distinction of perceptions, Hume created his ? microscope in order to trace all ideas back to impressions. He did this to search for the limits. If an idea could not be traced back to its impression, it was too abstruse. Hume separated the objects of human reason into two categories. First, the relation of ideas, which represented all that is ? a priori. Secondly, he created the category of matters of fact. Matters of fact made up the ? a posteriori piece of the spectrum of reason. Matters of fact are contingent, meaning they could be otherwise. In order to go beyond the objects of human reason, Hume proposed that reasoning was based upon cause and effect. Causal relations help us to know things beyond our page 2 immediate vicinity. All of our knowledge is based on experience. Therefore, we need experience to come to causal relationships of the world and experience constant conjunction. Hume stated that he shall venture to affirm, as a general proposition which admits no exception, that the knowledge of this relation is not in any instance, attained by reasonings ? a priori, but arises entirely from experience. (42) Unfortunately, our experience of constant conjunction only tells us about the past. Rationally, that is all it tells us. We can expect the effect to follow the cause, but it is not a sufficient basis to assume the effect will come from the cause in the future. These things are contingent- they could be different. The connection between these two propositions is not intuitive? it is always inferred. (480) Hume asserted that the future will resemble the past. This is the assumption underlying all our ideas of causality. If the future does not resemble the past, then all our reason based on cause and effect will crumble. When Hume proposed questions such as Is there any more intelligible proposition then to affirm that all trees will flourish in December and January, and will decay in May and June? (49), Hume demonstrates that it is not a relation of ideas that future will resemble the past; it is possible that the course of nature will change. Therefore, what happens in the future is neither a relation of ideas, nor a matter of fact. It is impossible, therefore, that any arguments from experience can prove this resemblance of past to future, since all these arguments are founded on the supposition of that resemblance. (51) Now Hume proposed that all inferences come from custom, not reasoning. Through custom or habits, we have become accustomed to expect an effect to follow a page 3 cause. This is not a rational argument. This argument centers on the theory of constant conjunction, which does not fall under either fork of reason. All inferences from experience, therefore, are effects of custom, not reasoning. (57) Hume analyzed the idea of causality by emphasizing the three demands that can be verified through observation. First he argued the aspect of constant conjunction. In this aspect, the cause and effect must be spatially and constantly existent. Secondly, he asserted that it must have temporal priority, in that, the cause had to precede the effect. Lastly, the event must have a necessary connection- we must develop an understanding of why a cause produces a certain effect. Humes critique of causation is that we cannot see it, we must infer it. For example, two billiard balls, one moving toward the next demonstrate temporal priority because one ball is moving first. Secondly, constant conjunction occurs because the balls exist together spatially and constantly. But, there is no necessary reason why this happens. Hume asserted that we can imagine a world in which the effect would be different. He then concluded that we cant get an impression of a necessary connection, we can only experience constant conjunction and temporal priority. Experience only teaches us how one event constantly follows another, without instructing us in the secret connection which binds them together. (77) We therefore conclude that reason is a limited faculty and that we have no reason to trust our common methods of argument or to think that our usual analogies and probabilities have any authority. (83) In conclusion, Hume asserted that since we do not have any impression of necessary connections, it is our expectation that believes the effect will follow the cause. page 4 The appearance of a cause always conveys the mind, by a customary transition, to the idea of the effect. (87) Since we are trained to expect the impression of necessary connection, the idea of it comes from our minds. Therefore, our belief in necessary connections of the universe is based on a rational facts. Immanuel Kant, a philosopher after Hume, sets out to reform metaphysics. Kant believed that if Hume was right, metaphysics would be impossible. But, Kant was unwilling to surrender to Humes skeptical argument, so Kant sets out to do a critique in order to explore the possibilities and reform metaphysics. Kant begins his critique searching for ? a priori knowledge within philosophy. Kant began to search for the ? a priori principles that were rationally deductible in order to explain why we perceive the things we cannot perceive. Kant believed that the only way that we could get to things necessary and universal was through ? a priori. Kant found that the concept of the connection of cause and effect was by no means the only concept by which the understanding thinks the connection of things ? a priori, but rather that metaphysics consists altogether of such concepts. (8) Kant began to examine pure ? a priori reason by establishing his critique. He stated that there are boundaries and contents. He set out to find what is inside the limitations and what is outside. Kant examined the three bodies of knowledge: math, physical science and metaphysics. Kant said that science must have necessity and universality. This places math and science within reason. Kant first divided judgement into two kinds of knowledge- analytic and synthetic. In the Prolegomena, Kant criticized Hume for having regarded mathematical judgements as analytic. Had he realized that page 5 they were synthetic, Hume would have been able to conclude that some synthetic judgements can be made ? a prior. Kant concluded that math and science fell under ? a priori synthetic judgements. This gives us universality, but it also tells us something. For Kant, knowledge must be necessary and universal qualities must come from ? a priori synthetic judgements. They have to tell us something we dont know, something completely independent of experience. This idea of Kants, completely contradicts Hume. Hume had asserted that anything based on empirical facts had no necessity, and therefore was contingent. Hume also stated that empirical facts couldnt give us universality either, because we cant know future will resemble the past. Kant stated that all Humes beliefs centered upon the fact that nothing but experience could furnish us with such connections. (24) For Hume, all science was empirical, and we could only know what happened so far. In contrast, for Kant, he said that scientific laws claim necessity and universality. It is only from ? a priori that we get universality and necessity. Kant then continued his critique to decipher if metaphysics is possible. Kant separated the faculties of the mind and the way it thinks into three distinctive categories. First, he stated that math was exhibited through intuition. The forms of intuition were ? a priori and had two capacities. First, intuition gave us space and time through pure intuition, and sensory data through empirical intuition. Then, Kant set up a metaphysical distinction between numena and phenomena. Numena represents the things in themselves, while phenomena represents the things for us. In this dichotomy we have no page 6 access to numena. The only way we can get to things outside us is through intuition, but intuition has these forms. This shows our limitations. Mathematics is not applicable to numena. We can have mathematical knowledge of phenomena. From this we can infer we have inter-subjective knowledge. Kant has given us universal and necessary knowledge in the phenomenal realm. Kant points out that the error may arise owing to an illusion, in which [he proclaim] to be universally valid what is merely a subjective condition of the intuition of thing and certain only of all objects of senses, namely for all possible experience. (39) Kant has just suggested that the error and base for all metaphysics is not distinguishing between phenomena and numena. Finally, Kant explained that everything is a distinction of phenomena and numena. We receive necessity and universality through this distinction and also from the projection that phenomena comes from certain ? a priori aspects. Therefore, the future will resemble the past, because we make it resemble the past. Kant used understanding, the second faculty of the mind to explain causality. As the understanding stands in need of categories for experience, reason contains in itself the source of ideas. (76) The function of understanding is thinking, and thinking must use concepts to be an objective thought. The presence of this objective thought verifies its actuality. Therefore, causality, for Kant, was the way in which mind puts together experiences to understand them. Kant found many problems within Humes account. Through his endeavors to prove that metaphysics is possible, and his analyzing of causality, Kant solved the problems he saw within Humes account. Specifically, in the Prolegomena, Kant stated page 7 that Hume justly maintains that we cannot comprehend by reason the possibility of causality. (57) Kant also attacked Humes ideas by describing Humes treatment of the concept of causality to be a bastard of the imagination, impregnated by experience. (5) Kant succeeded in re- establishing the objectivity of causality, a task that Hume had rejected as impossible.