Public Policy and Social Inequality

Introduction During the 20th century, the world experienced tremendous changes that changed the status of life of many individuals. Among the effects that came about as a result of this change is the decline in inequality among populations. In the United States for instance, inequality decline for the better part of the 20th century1.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Public Policy and Social Inequality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, in the last quarter of the 20th century, this trend changed and inequality within the population started to rise again. From the studies that have been conducted, it has been identified that the inequality changes that have been experienced in the different states of the world are not monotonic; other factors play a critical role in determining its trends. Some of the factors that have been identified include politics, public policies and the economic status of the world2. T he main aim of this essay therefore is to determine the impacts of public policies on social inequality. To achieve this, the essay shall focus on public policies that have been advanced in different nations and the effects that they have had on individuals of different social classes. Public Policy and Social Inequality During the 20th century, most states of the world set up millennium development goals. The aim of these goals was to ensure that they enjoy social, political and economic growth. This will ensure that the quality of life for each and every individual within the society had increased. To achieve these goals, different states of the world came up with a number of strategies and policies3. In developed nations, these policies and strategies became fruitful. As a result, tremendous growth and development were experienced in the most of the 20th century. Despite the great recession of the 1930s, most nations experienced a positive growth on the grounds of political, soci al and economic development. During the 1960s, it was projected that the people who were living in the United States at that time were living a better life that than those who were living 50 years prior4.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was also the case in many other nations in the world. However, since the 1980s, the level of inequality has started to increase. This trend has been credited by a number of scholars to the public policies that many nations adopt. Most of these policies affect the provision of basic needs and services such as health, education, shelter, wages and taxes. Since the 20th century, education has been viewed as a basic necessity in ensuring that a positive growth and development of the community is achieved. Therefore, many nations such as USA have enacted policies that govern education. To ensure that education is available to all individual ir respective of their background, race or culture, USA for example, enacted the No Child Left Behind policy5. From its description, goals and objectives, this policy seems to be a good idea that will increase the enrolment of students into elementary and secondary schools. Indeed, after this policy was enacted, the number of new student registration increased. This in turn increased the number of student in public schools. Classes were filled to capacity thus giving teachers a hard time to carter for the needs of each and every student. For those students who came from the upper middle class families and first class families that could afford private education, most of them were transferred into these schools. However, the majority of the students who were enrolled into school after the policy was passed came from poor families. They therefore cannot afford to pay tuition fees of private schools. As a result, such students end up receiving a low quality education. This in turn minimiz es their chances of joining better institutions of higher learning and pursuing a career that will boost their lives and that of their dependants. This makes them to linger within the poverty paradox6. This scenario is even worse in developing countries especially in South America, Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa where the proportion of the individuals who live below the poverty line is more than 50% of the population. In such states, the government does not even have enough money to fund public education. Therefore, the individuals from first class families, who have access to quality education end up occupying better employment positions within the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Public Policy and Social Inequality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Health is an essential aspect in life. It has always been states that a country is as healthy as its citizens are7. It is due to this fact that all the countrie s in the world have passed policies and legislations that aim at improving the quality and affordability of healthcare and facilities. However, these policies have led to a similar outcome as that which was experienced in the case of education. As one moves up the social ladder, the number of individuals who fall victims to parasites and diseases and cannot afford it declines8. In the United Kingdom for instance, the health of the state is under the National Health Service (NHS)9. Instituted in 1948, NHS is responsible for formulating policies and strategies that will ensure that the citizens of the United Kingdom live a healthy life. This will enable them to achieve their personal and societal goals and objectives. NHS has two principles; right to welfare and comprehensiveness10. According to the first principle, it is the right of every citizen to receive healthcare courtesy of the state. The comprehensiveness principle on the other hand states that it is the mandate of the NHS to cover all citizens of the nation in its plans and policies. These two principles have in turn increased the number of patients in public hospitals. Exhaustion of resources has always been reported. This, coupled with the rising costs of healthcare has reduced the quality of health that the poor people are enjoying in UK. From the statistics that have been collected in the UK, it has been identified that the individuals from poor families including their children stand high chances of becoming victims of diseases, parasites and violence11. In addition, the same statistics show that more adults from poor families are likely to succumb to diseases such as cancer, diabetes and HIV. Conclusion From the discussions that have been presented in this paper, it is evident that public policies are formulated to achieve socio-economic and political stability. However, through their implementation, inequality arises leading to some individuals within the society benefiting from the policy while other continues to suffer.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the discussions that have been presented in this paper, it has been identified that it is the individuals from the lower class who suffer the most from the implementation of public policies. Therefore, it is essential for states to formulate public policies that are equal and fair in the short run and in the long run. This will guarantee that social, economic and political development is achieved. Works Cited Blumenfeld, S, Is Public Education Necessary? Arizona,Old Greenwich, 1985 Lee, D., ‘Wage Inequality in the United States During the 1980s: Rising Dispersion or Falling Minimum Wage’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 114 No. 3, 2009, pp. 977-1023. McKee, M., ‘What can Health Services Contribute to the Reduction of Inequalities In Health?’, Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, Vol. 30 No. 30, 2010, pp. 54-58. McQuaig L. The Wealthy Banker’s Wife: The Assault on Equality in Canada. Toronto, Penguin, 1993. Reading, R., ‘Do Intervent ions that Improve Immunization Uptake also Reduce Social Inequalities in Uptake?’, British Medical Journal, Vol. 308, No. 2, 2004, pp. 1142-4. Schickler, E., ‘Institutional Change in the House of Representatives, 1867-1998: A Test of Partisan and Ideological Power Balance Models’, American Political Science Review, Vol. 94 No. 15, 2000, pp. 269-88. Sombart, W., Economic life in the modern age. New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction Publishers, 2011 Weingast; B., ‘The Political Economy of Benefits and Costs: A Neoclassical Approach to Distributive Politics’, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 89 No. 4, 2001, pp. 642-664. Footnotes 1 D, Lee, ‘Wage Inequality in the United States During the 1980s: Rising Dispersion or Falling Minimum Wage’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 114 No. 3, 2009, pp. 977- 1023. 2 D, Lee, ‘Wage Inequality in the United States During the 1980s: Rising Dispersion or Falling Minimum Wage’, Quarterly Journ al of Economics, Vol. 114 No. 3, 2009, pp. 977- 1023 3Â  L, McQuaig, The Wealthy Banker’s Wife: The Assault on Equality in Canada, Toronto, Penguin, 1993, p. 126 4 E, Schickler, ‘Institutional Change in the House of Representatives, 1867-1998: A Test of Partisan and Ideological Power Balance Models’, American Political Science Review, Vol. 94 No. 15, 2000, pp. 269-88. 5Â  S, Blumenfeld, Is Public Education Necessary? Arizona, Old Greenwich, 1985, p. 41 6 W, Sombart, Economic life in the modern age. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2011, p. 12 7Â  W, Sombart, Economic life in the modern age. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2011, p. 12 8Â  M, McKee, ‘What can Health Services Contribute to the Reduction of Inequalities In Health?’, Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, Vol. 30 No. 30, 2010, pp. 54-58. 9 R, Reading, ‘Do Interventions that Improve Immunization Uptake also Reduce Social Inequalities in Uptake?’, Briti sh Medical Journal, Vol. 308, No. 2, 2004, pp. 1142-4. 10Â  R, Reading, ‘Do Interventions that Improve Immunization Uptake also Reduce Social Inequalities in Uptake?’, British Medical Journal, Vol. 308, No. 2, 2004, pp. 1142-4. 11Â  B, Weingast, ‘The Political Economy of Benefits and Costs: A Neoclassical Approach to Distributive Politics’, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 89 No. 4, 2001, pp. 642-664. This essay on Public Policy and Social Inequality was written and submitted by user Nathanael R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Approaches and Methodologies of New Product Development

The Approaches and Methodologies of New Product Development Introduction New products create a good opportunity for organisations. This ensures that an organization is on a creative plane where it can stimulate profitability growth. This can help organizations to expand their business operations from domestic to international levels (Parsons and Maclaran, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The Approaches and Methodologies of New Product Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For this to happen, the new product development process strategies should be employed by the organization to encourage and harness the creative and innovative talent within it (Annacchino, 2003). The research answers various questions. These include: what are the strategies for new product development for soft drinks? Will the process facilitate efficient communication for the new product development project ranging from learning to training to best practices? Does the process provide an agre ement on the criteria for investment in a new product development and its branding and post launch evaluation? Consequently, the research should recognize the challenges that new product development process encounters. This should be inclusive of accountability and possession of all associated capital spending decisions (Kumar Phrommathed 2005). Thesis statement The main aim of the research paper is to assess and analyse the approaches and methodologies of new product development. This will be achieved through comparing the relevant literature related to the research topic. Notably, the new product development (NDP) is vital for the company’s growth and prosperity. Though it is not easy to manage, the NPD leads to opening new markets and attracting new customers. It also helps organizations to enlarge their capabilities and provide higher qualities on final products. New product development has stages and activities related to the idea of launching new products and with syst ematic approaches to the phases in the company. In this case, the probability of the company succeeding and securing a long time survival is very high. The new product is the most critical factor for organizations because customers or clients needs change rapidly and fosters competition among companies. Competition leads to positive impacts because it forces the organization to bring new products to the market. In addition, the products are offered at a reduced cost. Furthermore, competition improves the quality of products for consumption (Brown, Leavitt, Wright American Productivity Quality Center, 2004). Methodology This research study will mainly use qualitative research methods from both secondary and primary sources. The secondary sources for the dissertation will include the academic journals, books, papers and the internet, which will help identify areas of best practices. The primary sources of data will include members of the product team, the marketing and sales manager s, the manufacturing and production managers and the other employees who were involved in the new product development process (Weinberg, 2001).Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The dissertation will use various methods of qualitative research. This includes questionnaires and interviews. In addition, observations and documentary analysis will be used. I prefer the qualitative methods of research for this study given the qualitative nature of the data required (Liamputtong, 2009). Through the observation method, it will be easy for me to note the companies where the process of new product development has taken place. I will also make use of appropriate documents related to the study. This will include the private reports and records. Video recorders and cameras will also be used to reinforce observations. In addition, through the personal first hand experience of the new product development, understanding will be facilitated (Johnson Christensen, 2012). The interview will also be helpful as it aids in generating a large amount of data. I shall employ tape recording for later transcription. One can search for opinions, check an apparent contradiction, ask for clarifications, seek comparisons, ask for further information, aim for comprehensiveness and pose alternatives through the use of interviews as a method of qualitative research. I will interview the managers of different departments including the project, production, marketing, and sales managers. I will also interview a few employees who were involved during the process of new product development (Kvale, 1997).  The questionnaires are also critical in the research for the new product development process in many ways. For instance, it exposes accurate facts or pursues answers to firm categories. The questionnaire should create room for checks and balances. It should also cater for any extensions and adjustments. The questions should also recognize the situation under which the feedback is provided. The questionnaires will be addressed to the managers or assistant managers from the departments that were associated with the new product development process. In this case, they will give details out of experiences during the NPD process (Bryman Bell, 2007). Expected Outcomes The data from the primary research will be compared with the literature presented. This is meant to find out how the new product development contributes or is instrumental to success of the product. Types and stages in the New Product Development Process The types of product development models include a departmental stage model, which holds that departments are responsible for various activities carried out. The other one is the activity stage models, which improves on the departmental models since they are more concerned about the actual activities carried out inclusive of various iterations of market testing.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The Approaches and Methodologies of New Product Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, there is the decision stage model that represents the NPD as a series of evaluation where decisions are made. This is with regard to either continuing with the project or not. Lastly, the conversion and the response models have their own explanations for the new product development process (Rafinejad, 2007). The stages or phases of new product development starting with the first step in the NPD include idea generation, which focuses on sourcing ideas, and idea screening whereby the sourced ideas are weighed and good ideas selected, and bad ideas rejected. The third stage is concept testing, which helps the company to find out if the consumers understand, need, and accept the product idea or not. The fourth stage is business analysis, which helps the company ide ntify whether the product is commercially profitable or not. The fifth stage is a product development whereby the company decides to bring the product to the market. The sixth stage is test marketing whereby the new product is introduced in the market in measured quantities. If the product becomes successful, it is then introduced on a large scale. The seventh stage is commercialization whereby after the test marketing is successful the company makes a large investment in the new product. The last stage is a review of the market performance that should give an answer to whether consumers are happy with the after sales service (Annacchino, 2003). Timetable for the dissertation research I am planning to start my dissertation research in two weeks time. The dissertation will explore how new products are successfully brought to market. Meanwhile, I am preparing to equip myself with all the necessary requirements for the research so that it can be perfect. I will first visit the companie s that have successfully practiced the process of NPD. I will collect data using the qualitative research methods that I have already mentioned. I will also research on organizations, which want to introduce new products to the market, see the strategies they are using, and do a follow up to inquire if they succeeded. This will take two weeks, and for those 14 days, I will schedule the stages or topics to be covered every day. In this case, before the end of two weeks, I will have covered every detail. In the third week, I will write down the final version. I will be grateful if my proposal is approved so as to correlate with my schedule. Therefore, the proposed research is likely to take three weeks before completion. The data collection will take a maximum of two weeks, whereas data analysis and report writing will take a week.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Literature review This field of new product development is widely researched in organizations and institutions. This concept has been integrated in many disciplines including, technology, management, business studies and policies, marketing and engineering. Personally, I have learned the new product development process as a topic in my management course and thus I have the theoretical knowledge about it. Such researches will show how organizations implement the new product development. Therefore, the research will provide or offer knowledge about the success of new product development. Managers have gained a lot from the research on new product development. Reference List Annacchino, M A 2003, New product development: From initial idea to product management, Butterworth Heinemann, Amsterdam. Brown, M, Leavitt, P, Wright, S American Productivity Quality Center 2004, New product development: A guide for your journey to best-practice processes, American Productivity Quality Center, Tex: Houston. Bryman, A Bell, E 2007, Business research methods, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford. Johnson, B Christensen, LB 2012, Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches, SAGE Publications, Calif Thousand Oaks. Kumar, S Phrommathed, P 2005, New product development: An empirical study of the effects of innovation strategy, organization learning, and market conditions, Springer Science +Business Media, New York. Kvale, S 1997, InterViews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing, Sage Publ., Thousand Oaks. Liamputtong, P 2009, Qualitative research methods, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, Vic. Parsons, E and Maclaran, P 2012, Contemporary Issues in Marketing and Consumer Behaviour, Routlegde, New York. Rafinejad, D 2007, Innovation, development and commercialization, J, Ross, Boca Raton, Fla. Weinberg, D 2001, Qualitative research methods, Blackwell Publishers, Malden, MA

Human Resource Management - Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Resource Management - Portfolio - Essay Example Finally based on the analysis and findings from the study a conclusion will be drawn. There are several definitions of recruitment exist. Eminent scholars such as Andrews defined recruitment as the process of discovering prospective talents for a particular job (Andrews, 1988, p.94). In simple words recruitment can be also portrayed as a method by which potential applicants are attracted for some kind of jobs in the organization. The process of recruitment is generally divided into two type namely formal recruitment process and informal recruitment process. However the process to be adopted for the purpose of recruitment varies from one company to the other. A number of scholars believe that employees are the central part of an organization as without the human resource, functioning of the organization will become literally impossible. A number of scholars around the world has researched in this subject and portrayed their views. Hence it is expected that large amount of literature regarding the recruitment process will be found. According to Randhawa (2007) recruitment is a process of searching the prospective candidates and inspiring them to apply for the employment in the organization. It can be also referred to as the method by which organization generates a pool of educated and eligible applicants. Hence from the author’s point of view recruitment is simply searching for potential employees for a particular job. Whether an organization follows informal or formal recruitment process, it should have a well defined recruitment policy. Similarly regarding the recruitment process, Bohlander and Snell (2007) stated that the sources of recruiting a candidate can be classified into formal and informal sources. The informal recruitment process is about recruiting the employees with the help of existing employee referral. On the other hand formal sources of recruitment can be illustrated as the process of recruitment

How the Internal and External Environment Effect Hublots Marketing Essay

How the Internal and External Environment Effect Hublots Marketing - Essay Example The researcher states that the internal influences tend to determine the marketing in more outlook. The management usually makes the decision that influences the marketing department in their objectives and priorities. Financial capability of the firm also plays a lot in marketing. The financial structure and policies should allow enough funds for the implementation of the marketing plans and strategy, thus if hub lot company have limited funds or in event locate less capital for the marketing department, then the department would not achieve their target as watches are products that need a huge investment in marketing policies to keep up with the new ones that may emerge. On the other hand, research and development of hub lot watches should ensure production of quality, attractive and be creative and innovative so that the product can compete in the market. The image that the company portrays and branding of the product help the marketing to create intermediaries and channels throug h which hub lot watches may enter the new market and rival the competitors. Hence the internal factors are key efficiency in the marketing of the hub lot company. External influences are situations that are beyond the company control. It is important for a company to manage their competitors in the market as they influence a lot on the performance of the company produces more so in pricing and market share of the product. Thus firms like hub lot watches must have an efficient marketing system to be more productive and keep pace with the new inventions. Economic factors do influence the market on various scenario since it determines the distribution of goods within the economy e.g. infrastructure, and since this is goods which need to reach the market for their respective customers, the efficient movement must be available.

DESCRIBE A RESTAURANT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DESCRIBE A RESTAURANT - Essay Example As is shown consistently by the Esquire Tavern, in order to succeed in hotel business, five values are principal and indispensible: harmonious coexistence with serene environment, hygiene, high value customer care and exemplary culinary skills. One of the factors that made me fall in irrevocable love with the Esquire Tavern is its close touch with serene environment. The perpetually popular restaurant is marooned in a tacky stretch of River Walk. Impeccably pruned trees and flowers, a large swimming pool and well kept lawn grace the restaurant’s surroundings. The aforementioned beautiful trees and flowers aerate the Esquire Tavern’s environment and gentle breeze help pleasantly soothe client’s sense of smell. The restaurant is located at least 400 meters from traffic, thereby guaranteeing clients serenity while rendering Esquire Tavern an oasis in the desert of the noise and the rough and tumble of the outside world. Inside the restaurant, the large swimming pool which is compartmentalized in its own yard easily complements the usefulness of the scorching high noon sun. The vastness of the Esquire Tavern provides customers with the power to choose between eating from the many spacious hotel rooms or from outside. Any client who has visited the Esquire Tavern will often testify of having been confused like a termite in a yo-yo when it comes to choosing a table. This is because, contrary to popular opinion that open air tables are more comfortable, the Esquire Tavern’s hotel rooms are equally appealing. Aesthetically stamped tin ceilings, an evocative wallpaper and 100ft-long wooden bar greet all clients who walk into the Esquire Tavern reception and hotel rooms (Trip Advisor, 1). In a closely related wavelength, the Esquire Tavern has constantly and consistently endeared itself to its customers by serving them with cuisine tasty enough to tickle anyone’s taste buds. At the Esquire Tavern, devilled eggs get studded with flowery pink peppercorns, while

The Exley Chemical Company Analysis

The Exley Chemical Company Analysis Muhao Zhou Abstract The Exley chemical company is a major chemical manufacturer making primarily industrial chemicals, plastics, and consumer products. Company sales and profits have grown, and its ratio of net profits to sales I about average for the industry. However, in the last year, both sales and profits have been disappointing. [G1]The company thinks it is the problem of new products constantly being introduced into the line and methods are changing constantly. This is not the major reason about company lost competition. [G2][G3]The major problem is internal conflict between team members and departments. Another problem is poor leadership and management of each department. Managers must find and implement ways that allow Exley Chemical Company operate efficiently. Conflict resolution and large group intervention may help the company [G4]achieve the goal.[G5][G6] Exley Chemical Company Case analysis Internal conflict problems are inevitable within an organization no matter the structure. The problems will exist unless companys managers recognize the situation and fix the problems. The cause of these problems is a result of [G7]departments conflict, unclear goals, disobedience, and lack of communications between each department.[G8][G9][G10] Conflicts were created with almost all the departments. The product development division using a small force of specialty sales people to conduct pilot marketing programs an initiative which was not well received by marketing people. The product division was given responsibility for market research. However, these still remained in the market division. After these things, the company set up a product manager for each group of products. This made company has more problems. [G11]First, the Product manager quarrels with the marketing department. The product manager often visits customers to get feedback while marketing executives are doing the same thing at same time. At this period of time, customers often get confused by this. The marketing vice president thinks that the product development intervenes their work. This should be marketing developments work. [G12][G13]Second, the calculating sales estimates are causing misinformation to be produced since the norm[G14]al within the compa ny[G15] is to use the total market as opposed to their share of the market.[G16] The product development group did not follow companys guidelines. They were doing this in their own way. [G17]Third, the company ignored the [G18]customers ideas and competitors in industry. When most customers give advice for the company, they did not give feedback on this. The competitors have a lower price of the similar products compare with Exley.   Each division head works on the project that makes the most for their division. They want to [G19][G20][G21]maximize the potential of their department. This is not the companys goal after examining the environment of Exleys business. [G22]Organizational environments are everything beyond the boundaries of organizations that can directly or indirectly affect performance and outcomes. It includes external agents that directly affect the organization, such as suppliers, customers, regulators, and competitors, as well as indirect influences in the wider c ultural, political, and economic context. There are two classes of environments called general environment and industry structure or task environment. In this case, Exley companys general environment is certain and simple. Technologically, the company is dependent on new products innovation. At industry structure or task environment, as defined by Michael Porter, an organizations task environment consists of fine forces: supplier power, buyer power, threats of substitutes, threats of entry and rivalry among competitions. [G23][G24]At this point, Exley Company is moderated competitive and high pressure on profits. The threats of entry are low. It is difficult and costly to enter this market. Chemical industry needs high knowledge research people to keep innovation and equipment is expensive to obtain. The threats of substitute products are high. The competitors always have methods to get more market share with a lower price or new products. The force of suppliers power is low because the resources are available anywhere. The customers forces are high. The buyers are willing to pay a low price for similar products. Finally, rivalry among firms is severe. The Exley chemical company current is the average of the total industry which indicates that they have a lot of competitors. [G25][G26][G27][G28][G29][G30]The company is facing the threats from buyer power and rivalry among competitions but none of them get noticed by the company.[G31][G32][G33][G34][G35][G36][G37][G38][G39][G40][G41][G42][G43] Exley chemical company establish the product development division to manage the increasing number of new products. The product development division was charged with coordinating in developing new products, including recommending manufacturing capacity, sales programs, and so on. The company has found the problems and conflict in several departments. The role of this division is like OD practitioner.   [G44]Based on the book, OD is vitally dependent on effective diagnosis to access how the organization in functioning and to choose an appropriate change intervention. New product development division has taken on a life of its own, opting to market its new developments instead of passing the new products to the other divisions to handle their usual responsibilities. It is difficult to coordinate the companies operations under this division. The director of product development division who should have the expertise and experience to work with members on the issues like an OD practition er but the self-proclaimed independence of this new division is causing conflicts among the other divisions that previously collaborated effectively. New division could not solve the problems of lack communication between each division. [G45][G46] Exley chemical companys organization structure is also a big problem. The company is a matrix organization. Matrix organizational designs originally evolved in the aerospace industry, where changing customer demands and technological conditions caused managers to focus on lateral relationships between functions to develop a flexible and adaptable system of resources and procedures, and to achieve a series of project objectives. On the positive side, it allows multiple orientations. New products or projects can be implemented quickly by using people flexible and moving between product and functional orientations as circumstances demand. It can maintain consistency among departments and projects by requiring communication among managers. Unfortunately, Exley chemical company did not get any advantage on that organization structure. [G47][G48][G49]There are miscommunicate with each divisions managers and unable to shift emphasis by environment changes. Matrix structures are motivating a nd exciting for many people. On the negative side, the company without balancing between product and functional forms which lower the overall performance. The crisis management and conflicts under inconsistent demands by this structure. Matrix structures are appropriate under three important conditions. First, there must be [G50]outside pressures for a dual focus. Exley chemical company has a unique research department which focuses on innovation new products[G51]. They also have different products in several markets. Second, the organization must process a large amount of information. When external environmental demands change, the company should have to make a proper decision. Exley Company cannot process a large amount of information. [G52][G53][G54]Most important information from competitors and customers were ignored by the company because of the lack of communications and team collaboration inefficiently in the organization. [G55][G56][G57]Third, there must be pressures for sh ared resources. When customer demands vary greatly and technological requirements are strict, valuable human and physical resources are likely to be scarce. Exley chemical company might fail under this structure if any of these conditions are not met. [G58][G59] Recommendations for Exley chemical company Based on the analysis above, I would recommend an intergroup conflict intervention and select an OD professional from outside to training and helping organization managers. Intergroup conflict intervention is designed specifically to help two or more groups or departments within an organization resolve dysfunctional conflicts. In this case, there are conflicts between the different divisions as to who is responsible for what and when. Whether it between the product division and the marketing division, or the sales department and the marketing division, each of them must be able to overcome these problems. According to Blake and his associates, the basic strategy for improving intergroup relationships consists of a ten-step procedure. For Exley chemical company to apply this intergroup conflict intervention, the external OD practitioner should obtain all these department managers agreement to work together. OD practitioner set a time for managers to meet. The next thing is OD practitioner with managers describe the purpose and objectives of the meeting: to develop better mutual relationships, explore the perceptions the groups have of each other and form ulate plans for improving the relationship. The OD practitioner lets each group managers answer the questions and describes other managers. In this case, I would question the managers: what is your department goal and what is your job? and what do you think other departments goal and what is their job? After they completing their questions, each group managers should present their answers. By this point, the misperceptions and discrepancies have been brought to light. The managers of the company could thoroughly understand each other job and goals. At last, [G60][G61][G62]managers are asked to set a specific plan of action for solving problems and for improving their relationships. There will be a follow-up meeting about how these problems implemented and identify any further problems that have emerged. [G63][G64] Intergroup conflict intervention will keep the companies goals in mind and everyone working in the same direction.[G65][G66][G67][G68][G69] Another recommendation is Exley chemical company should find an external consultant or OD practitioner to find and solve companys problems.   The current product development division seems like a role of OD but they are not experienced and professional to solve the conflicts among the departments in an organization.[G70][G71] Conclusion Matrix structure organization like Exley chemical company has its own advantages and disadvantages. I would not recommend that Exley chemical company restructures the organization. [G72]The major problems of Exley chemical company are conflicts among each department. Lack of communication of departments causes each department just work on their own project. [G73]Intergroup Conflict intervention and OD practitioner will help managers achieve their task and solve organizations problems.[G74][G75][G76][G77]

Nature vs. Nurture: Leaning Towards the Nurture Theory Essay -- Geneti

Is nature responsible for the way children think and behave, or is it due to the way a child is nurtured? Scientists and psychologists have been debating the subject of nature versus nurture for decades. The term â€Å"nature† refers to heredity, or the genetic traits passed down from parent to child (Powell, 2010). Researchers all over the world attempt to prove that genetics is the sole explanation of a child’s intelligence and personality. Human DNA determines traits such as eye color, nose shape, and hair color. While a child’s DNA can determine his or her risk of Down Syndrome, heart disease, or cancer; there is not significant proof of DNA determining personality traits (Heredity, 2011). The nurture side of the argument refers to a child’s upbringing. This includes where and how the child was raised and in what circumstances (Powell, 2010). A child’s environment can determine if he or she grows into a well behaved young person, or one with personality issues (Onkal, 2005). Nurture also refers to a child’s life experiences. These experiences shape and define the way a child thinks and acts (Onkal, 2005). Research has been conducted for both sides of the Nature vs. Nurture debate and, while no solid conclusion has come to the argument, research tends to favor the environment’s influence on personality. The first side of the nature versus nurture debate is the nature theory. The nature theory states that characteristics such as eye and hair colors, as well as personality and intelligence, are all determined by one’s genetic code (Powell, 2010). A person’s genetic code, or DNA, is determined by the DNA of both biological parents. This passing of traits from both parents to their offspring is called heredity. Each pare... ...arning Place Online. Learning Place Online. Web. 30 Sept. 2011. . Onkal, Rustem, Andrea Levine, Jack Payne, Nate Vernon, and Michael Blithe. "Neuroscience Of Intelligence." Macalester College: Private Liberal Arts College. Macalester College, Spring 2005. Web. 12 Sept. 2011. . Powell, Kimberly. "Nature vs Nurture - How Heredity and Environment Shape Who We Are." About Genealogy - Learn How to Research Your Family Tree. A New York Times Company, 19 July 2010. Web. 12 Sept. 2011. . Vargas, Julie S. "A Brief Biography of B.F. Skinner." B.F. Skinner Foundation. 2005. Web. 12 Sept. 2011. .

Review of Literature Related to River Water Quality in Ireland

2.0 Literature Review2.1 River Water Quality in IrelandNational studies of Irish rivers have been carried out since 1971. In 1971, 2,900km of river channel was surveyed. The studies consisted of chemical and biological appraisals. This was before the constitution of the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , the competent authorization at the clip was An Foras Forbartha. The EPA was established in 1992 and they so became the competent authorization for H2O quality monitoring in Ireland. In 2006, the EU Water Framework Directive Monitoring Programme was implemented. From 2004-2006, 13,240km of river channel was surveyed, with biological trying carried out at 2,985 trying sites on 1,151 rivers and chemical sampling at 2,500 sites. ( EPA, 2008 ) The Monitoring Programme was put in topographic point to run into the demands of the EU Water Framework Directive ( 2000/60/EC ) , the European Communities ( Water Quality ) Regulations, 2003, Groundwater Regulations ( S.I. No 9 of 2010 ) , and Environmental Objectives European Communities ( Surface Water ) 2009. From 2007-2009, of the 13,240km surveyed the river quality showed 70 % were uncontaminated and 30 % were damaged to a greater to lesser extent. The National Water Monitoring Reports are compiled and published every three old ages. The most recent study 2011 showed that 20.1 % of rivers had high position, 48.8 % good position, 20.7 % moderate position, 10 % hapless position and 0.4 % river channel was bad position. ( EPA, 2011 )2.2 Ashlane River SourceAshlane River is sourced from Lough Gill. It flows downstream via the Garavogue River. It diverts into its ain watercourse known as Ashlane River. The River flows through Hazelwood Demesne and so through the Institute of Technology. And so out to Carton Bay which flows to Sligo Harbour. *waiting on info from Sligo Coco to finish this subdivision2.3 Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC2.3.1 OverviewThe Water Framework Directive was introduced in 2000. It established the legal model to protect, preserve and better the quality of surface, transitional and coastal Waterss and groundwater where necessary. It besides includes modified and unreal H2O organic structures. The Water Framework Directive sets out clear deadlines. The primary aim set out in the Water Framework Directive is to accomplish at least good H2O position by December 2015. The Directive was transposed into Irish statute law by the Water Policy Regulations ( S.I. No 722 of 2003 ) , Surface Water Regulations ( S.I. No 272 of 2009 ) and Groundwater Regulations ( S.I. No 9 of 2010 ) . These ordinances govern the form of the Directive by word picture, monitoring and position appraisal programmes. The Directive besides aims to continue, protect and enhance Waterss and manage H2O organic structures based on river basins or catchments. The definition of good H2O position for surface Waterss is based on its ecological position and chemical position. The Directive set out five ecological position categories: ‘high’ , ‘good’ , ‘moderate’ , ‘poor’ and ‘bad’ . ( EPA, 2005 )2.3.2 River Basin DistrictsA river basin is defined as an country of land from which surface run-off flows through watercourses, rivers and lakes into the sea at a river oral cavity or estuary. In 2003, the designation of the River Basin Districts and competent governments were completed. For each RBD a River Basin Management Plan ( RBMP ) was developed and implemented. The chief purpose of the RBD is to make an incorporate monitoring and direction system for all Waterss within each RBD, to bring forth RBMP. ( EPA, 2005 ) Figure 1: The eight River Basin Districts of Ireland. ( Water Matters, 2007 )2.3.3 Characterisation ( Article 5 ) Summary ReportsUnder the WFD a drumhead word picture study ( article 5 ) was developed in 2004 for all RBD in their legal power. This needed: ‘an analysis of RBD characteristics’ ‘A reappraisal of the impact of human activity on the position of surface Waterss and on groundwater’ ‘An economic analysis of H2O use’ The chief aim of the word picture study was to supply a sum-up of the initial word picture at each RBD degree. To make this physical, chemical and biological characteristics of surface H2O and groundwater were assessed alongside the force per unit areas due to human activity. The study identified the H2O organic structures at hazard or non at hazard of accomplishing the ‘good H2O status’ by 2015. ( EPA, 2005 ) The word picture study has given a image of the present province of H2O organic structures within each RBD. It gives a better apprehension of the future province of all H2O organic structures and provided a starting point for the design of the ‘Programme of Measures’ . The Programme of Measure is a combination of policies and direction actions for the bar of impairment of H2O quality position utilizing a cost effectual attack. . ( EPA, 2005 ) It sets out the steps that may necessitate to be taken and developed into each RBMP of the RBD. The Programme of Measures, are steps needed to run into the aims set out in the WFD in those H2O organic structures non accomplishing or at hazard of non accomplishing good position. ( EPA, 2005 )2.2.4 River Basin Management PlansIn 2009, the RBMPs were finalised and implemented into each RBD. The RBMPs set out specific environmental aims to be achieved by December 2015. They identify the programme of measured and the actions that will be taken in achieved these marks. They besides cover aims that are non set out in statute law but that are auxiliary steps in achieves the good H2O position. The competent authorization for the execution of the RBMPs is the local governments. ( EPA, 2005 )2.2.5 Monitoring RequirementsThe monitoring demands are set out in the WFD. The monitoring of groundwater and surface-water commenced in 2007. They were assigned to several bureaus ; EPA, Local Authorities, Marine Institute, Fisheries Boards, Waterways Ireland, OPW and NPWS. The WFD lay out 3 types of monitoring that is carried out on surface Waterss in order to accomplish and protect H2O organic structures. They are surveillance monitoring, operational monitoring and fact-finding monitoring. ( EPA, 2008 ) Surveillance Monitoring ( SM ) is to build an effectual program for all future monitoring programmes, to measure long term alterations in natural conditions in order to find the non-natural and the natural alterations in an ecosystem and buttocks long term alterations as a consequence of widespread anthropogenetic activity. It is besides the demand to supply supplementing and formalizing the impact assessment process detailed in Annex 11 of the Directive Operational Monitoring ( OM ) is supervising of the countries that have been at hazard of neglecting to run into the environmental aims and find the position and to measure alterations in the H2O organic structure position that have resulted from programmes of steps. Fact-finding Monitoring ( IM ) is required in countries where the exceedance of environmental aims is unknown ; it may be due to inadvertent pollution. And where surveillance monitoring indicates that the aims for a organic structure of H2O are improbable to be achieved and operational monitoring has non been established. ( Ferreira et al. , 2007 )2.2.6 Surface Water ClassificationThe position is determined by appraisal of ecological position, ecological potency and chemical position. Surface H2O are classified as High ( A ) , good ( A ) , moderate ( B ) , hapless ( C ) and bad ( D ) position. Water organic structures of high and good position are Class A Waterss as the H2O organic structure is accomplishing the WFD demands. These H2O organic structures have really small or no pollution. Moderate, hapless and bad position are underperforming and non go throughing the WFD demands. Pollution is present in these H2O organic structures. But aim to accomplish the good H2O position by 2015 .2.5 Water Quality Monitoring2.3.1 Physical-Chemical Water Quality MonitoringPhysical-chemical monitoring four times a twelvemonth and is carried out to garner specific H2O quality features. The WFD requires monitoring of rivers for thermic conditions, oxygenation conditions, acidification position and alimentary conditions. The parametric quantities tested on river H2O include: pH, temperature, dissolved O, conduction, P, alkalinity and Suspended Solids. These trials help to place the beginnings of pollution for carry oning appraisals on ecological impacts. ( EPA, 2007 ) For Ireland the chief pollutants of concern are foods and oxygenation conditions as they cause issues such as eutrophication and organic pollution. ( EPA, 2011 ) There are three elements: a ) ‘General constituents ( physico-chemical )quality elements are as specified in WFD Annex VIII ( 10 – 12 ) , ’B ) ‘Specific relevant pollutantsare those identified by Member States as being discharged in important measures ; this is besides specified in WFD Annex VIII ( 1 – 9 ) , ’degree Celsius ) ‘Precedence substancesare specified in WFD Annex X and for present intents the listing of precedence substances besides includes the unsafe substances as per the demands of WFD Annex IX’ ( EPA, 2007 ) General constituents are the scene of the Environmental Quality Standard Values for the high/good and good centrist position. Specific relevant pollutants refers to the directive for the scene of a individual EQS for each pollutant, failure to accomplish the EQS will ensue in non run intoing the good H2O position. Priority substances every bit required by the WFD are puting a individual criterion that divides the chemical position of ‘good’ and neglecting to accomplish good’ . Failure in accomplishing any of the above criterions mentioned will ensue in non accomplishing the good chemical position by 2015. ( EPA, 2007 )2.3.2 Biological Water Quality MonitoringBiological monitoring is carried out one every 3 old ages on all rivers under the WFD. The biological quality elements measured are Phytoplankton, macrophytes, invertebrates and fish. For rivers of bad position, monitoring of macro invertebrates is required to be carried out one time a twelvemonth lower limit. Benthic invertebrates ( E.g. Mayflies, rock flies, runts and pelecypods etc. , ) are good ecological indexs of pollution as they are really sensitive to alterations in an ecosystem. E.g. Organic pollution. The community diverseness in an ecosystem will worsen in the presence of organic pollution. The more sensitive species are replaced by more tolerant invertebrates in the presence of high degrees of pollution. ( EPA, 2007 ) For the appraisal of Irish Rivers, macro invertebrates have been divided into five index groups: ‘Group A, the sensitive signifiers, Group B, the less sensitive signifiers, Group C, the tolerant signifiers, Group D, the really tolerant signifiers and Group E, the most tolerant forms.’ A Biotic Index is used, it is a quality index based on the composing and copiousness of invertebrates in a specific H2O organic structure. A Q value is applied and used to find the ecological position of the river. ( EPA, 2007 )Biotic Index ( Q )StatusBoundary EQR valueQ5, Q4-5HighHigh /Good = 0.85 Good/Moderate = 0.75Q4GoodQ3-4ModerateQ3, Q2-3PoorQ2, Q1-2, Q1BadTable 1: Biotic Indexs ( Q Values ) relation to the WFD position classs ( EPA, 2007 )2.6 Water Pollutants2.4.1 PhosphorusPhosphorus is an indispensable food in surface Waterss for workss and animate beings. Phosphorus is a food of short supply in most fresh waters. High degrees of P in surface Waterss can do accelerated growing of workss and algae blooms. The accelerated growing can take to rapid O depletion or eutrophication of the H2O. This will go forth a H2O organic structure of low dissolved O so so it can non back up aquatic life, certain fish and invertebrates. In all H2O classs across Ireland P degrees have started to demo a diminution. This could be due to the reduction of inorganic fertilizer applications, storage betterments of organic fertilizers and the rigorous prohibition of distributing periods covered in the Good Agricultural Practice Regulations and increased norm rainfall 2008 – 2009. ( Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government ( DECLG ) and the Department of Agriculture and Food and the Marine ( DAFM ) , 2013 ) In 2012, 85.4 % phosphate concentrations & A ; lt ; 0.05mg/L P and 2 % phosphate concentrations greater than 0.1 mg/L P. Overall the phosphate concentrations are worsening but the consequences are rather varied from twelvemonth to twelvemonth. ( Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government ( DECLG ) and the Department of Agriculture and Food and the Marine ( DAFM ) , 2013 )2.4.2 Ammonia NitrogenNitrogen exists in Waterss in four chief signifiers: organic N, ammonium hydroxide N, nitrite N and nitrate N. In uncontaminated surface Waterss ammonia N is typically present in the scope of 0.01 – 0.5 mg/L N. There will besides be low degrees of organic N, no nitrite and higher degrees of nitrate. In uncontaminated Waterss nitrate is the dominant signifier of N. ( Donohue, A. , Geraghty. O. , 2012 ) Elevated degrees of ammonium hydroxide in surface Waterss are unwanted as it is an indicant of organic pollution and increases oxygen demand. High degrees of ammonium hydroxide in surface Waterss are really toxic to fish life. ( Donohue, A. , Geraghty. O. , 2012 )2.4.3 Nitrate NitrogenThe Nitrates Directive ( 91/676/EEC ) was introduced in 1991 with the chief aim of diminishing H2O pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural beginnings. The presence of nitrate ( NO3- ) in surface H2O is normal at low degrees. Beginnings of nitrate are: rainfall, decomposition of dirt organic affair and fertilisers/manures. Datas from the period 2000-2003 detected that no surface H2O in Ireland had nitrate degrees & A ; gt ; 50mg/L. ( Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government ( DECLG ) and the Department of Agriculture and Food and the Marine ( DAFM ) , 2013 ) In recent old ages at that place has been a lessening in the mean nitrate concentrations across all H2O classs under the WFD. In 2012 71.5 % had nitrate concentrations & A ; lt ; 10mg/L NO3- , 1.3 % had concentrations & A ; gt ; 25mg/L NO3- . Overall nitrate concentrations have been worsening since 2007. ( Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government ( DECLG ) and the Department of Agriculture and Food and the Marine ( DAFM ) , 2013 )MentionsDepartment of the Environment, Community and Local Government ( DECLG ) and the Department of Agriculture and Food and the Marine ( DAFM ) , ( 2013 ) . 2nd Review of Ireland’s Nitrates Action Programme. Ireland: Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government ( DECLG ) and the Department of Agriculture and Food and the Marine ( DAFM ) . Donohue, A. , Geraghty. O. , Environmetal Analysis 2 Laboratory Manual. Environmental Protection 2. ( 2012 ) EPA, ( 2005 ) . The Characterisation and Analysis of Ireland ‘s River Basin Districts. Irish republic: EPA. EPA, ( 2007 ) . Proposed Quality Standards for Surface Water Classification. Water Framework Directive. Irish republic: EPA. EPA, ( 2008 ) . The Water Framework Directive – A new direction attack. Ireland ‘s Environment. Irish republic: EPA. Ferreira, J. , Vale, C. , Soares, C. , Salas, F. , Stacey, P. , Bricker, S. , Silva, M. and Marques, J. ( 2007 ) . Monitoring of coastal and transitional Waterss under the E.U. Water Framework Directive. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 135 ( 1-3 ) , pp.195-216. McGarrigle, M. , Lucey, J. and Cineide, M. ( 2011 ) . WATER QUALITY IN IRELAND 2007-2009. Wexford, Ireland: EPA. Water Matters. ( 2007 ) . 1st erectile dysfunction. Shannon: CarbonNeutral.

Exploring Reliability and Validity

Exploring Reliability and Validity Types of reliability and validity used in the â€Å"Values and Motives Manual† One type of testing reliability used in the article is the inters of valid scores shown by the correlation co-efficient between VMI affection and 16PF are ‘privateness’ with a coefficient of -0.41, social desirability/ impression management with a correlation coefficient of 0.4, and those with higher values (Values and Motives Questionnaire, n.d., p. 23, table 5). VMI and OPP constructs indicate two scores having a correlation coefficient of 0.7. It indicates that the scores are strongly related. As a result of strong correlation, the social desirable coefficient for the two constructs is 0.58, and a central responding correlate of 0.75. Correlation coefficients that are less than 0.5 (normal) are invalid. For VIM/OPP, the valid scores are altruism/ cynical-trusting (0.51), traditional/ detailed-flexible (-0.58), affiliation/ reserved-gregarious (0.73) among others (Values and Motives Q uestionnaire, n.d., p. 25, table 6). Sample size and nature of population The larger the sample size, the lower the standard error. A high value in the standard error reduces the validity of the test. It may indicate that the scores are different from those in the population. The samples have been selected from a population which tends to have a higher education index than the overall population in the country. The population is more sophisticated because it mainly consists of undergraduate and postgraduate students. The research outcome may be different if the sample if drawn from the country’s population (Values and Motives Questionnaire, n.d.). An opinion about the test The test is valid and reliable if it used to interpret values among college students. It includes both undergraduate and postgraduate students. However, it cannot be used to make conclusions about the country’s population.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Exploring Reliability and Validity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kaplan, R., Saccuzzo, P. (2009). Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues (7th ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Phelan, C., Wren, J. (2006). Exploring Reliability in Academic Assessment. Retrieved from https://chfasoa.uni.edu/reliabilityandvalidity.htm Values and Motives Questionnaire. (n.d.). â€Å"Lecture notes†.

The False Moon by Shirley Golden Essay Example

The False Moon by Shirley Golden Essay Example The False Moon by Shirley Golden Paper The False Moon by Shirley Golden Paper Socialization is the procedure where a child slowly develops into an independent person. During the process, sociologists say that the main socialization happens at home. We reflect ourselves in our parents. It is therefore central for children to have stable homes, with good values and love, which is the essence of this short story. The False Moon is written by the American writer, Shirley Golden, in 2011. In this assignment I want to analyse the short story by looking at the narrator, the main character relationship to his mother, the title and the symbols. The short story is told by a first-person narrator, who is called Matt. On page 1, line 14, we get a physical description of the narrator, which helps us visualize how he looks: â€Å"I’m lanky, skinny, Im told, with large eyes and lashes more suited to a girl†. We also get the impression of him being lazy and tired of life. Page 1, line 26: â€Å"It was easy not to care, and I wasnt the sort to start a fight†. Here we can feel how tired the narrator is of his life conditions. Matt is very fervent about painting, and this is the only thing which drives him, which you can see on page 3, line 103: â€Å"Nothing else is important, not checking in at registration, not the fact Im covered in bruises from the gang down the road. This quote shows that nothing else than painting is important in his life. On page 2, line 42 the narrator says: â€Å"I didnt trust words, and that excluded me from most subjects; and I struggled with numbers, which barred me from the rest. But lines were reliable. I’d always liked lines. Here again, we get the impression that painting means everything to him, since it typically consists of lines. In contrast, he tells the reader that he does not trust words, which could have something to do with his relationship too his mother, because he thinks that the most things she says to him is bullshit. (Page 1, l. 12). The reason he likes lines so much, is becaus

The Case Study of Club Med Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Case Study of Club Med - Essay Example This cultural concept was picked up during the initial inception of Club Mediterranee whereby both Blitz and Trigano opted to create a vacation camp under the sun that could provide a relaxing experience to guests after the Second World War. Secondly, before the year 2000 it could be argued that the business was largely managed through a paternal approach of which Gilbert Trigano was cited saying that Gerard Blitz and her wife Claudine Blitz were the tutelary parents of the club. Moreover, Philippe Bourguignon who spearheaded major reforms before 2000 in the company, and enabled it to start generating massive profits was disowned by the company’s staffs because of his autocratic management style as they preferred Trigano’s paternalism approach. In regards to the force of competition, it can well be stated that before the year 2000 Club Med had managed to create a monopoly within a unsaturated market niche, which had low level of competition and to a greater extent it co uld be argued that Club Med was the among the first pioneers in the village-camp vacation resorts. According to Magretta (2011), the low threat of competition provided Club Med within an opportunity to expand faster and even diversify to other related businesses. Before the year 2000, Club Med faced low threats of competition since the village –camp vacation resorts had not yet gained wide fame and most players in the hospitality industry only focused on providing customers with high quality experience within high-class tourism facilities. In the studies by Saloner et al. (2001), the low threat of new entrants could further be attributed to the limited knowledge that potential competitors had about the operations of village camp vacation resort and the high amount of capital that was required since constructing a village required a huge pieces of land situated at strategic locations. Before the year 2000, the threat of substitutes was very eminent since there were many excell ent hotels and resorts that had been established. Moreover, substitutes presented a major competition more so for the high-end clients who preferred high-end hotels and luxurious resorts instead of the village-camps where tourist resided in camps. In regards to the buyers’ power, it was stated that because of the availability of numerous substitutes buyers wielded a lot of bargaining power and hence why Club Med offered it services at an affordable range. As for suppliers bargaining power, Magretta (2011) stated that a business organization would be able to wield more power against the suppliers if for instance the business organization buys supplies in large volumes, the switching cost of firms in the industry is low, and there is presence of substitute inputs. As for Club Med before 2000, it is correct to state that it had a stronger bargaining power because of the fact that it had a wide branch network and therefore, it bought its supplies in bulk, which means it was capab le of negotiating for better prices. Reasons for Club Med’s success between 1950s and 1990s In the writings by McLimore (1996), he attributed the success of any venture to the leadership of the venture. In regards to the case study of Club Med its success between 1950s and 1990s can largely be attributed to the exceptional leadership by Gerard Blitz and Gilbert Trigano, who

Federal Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Federal Program - Essay Example In the later years it was additionally expanded with other considerations. For instance, in 1972, it was expanded with the Clean Water act, the safe Drinking water Act in 1974, the Toxic substances control Act in 1976, and the Resource conservation and recovery act in 1976. The main effort was to make an improvement on the environmental protection. However, it also led to the creation of a number of materials. These included the Materials transportation board in 1975. This board currently forms a major part of the research and special programs administration in the DOT. The other creation was the Office of surface mining Reclamation and enforcement that was established in 1977 within the department of the interior. Since the inception of the Environmental protection agency, a particular meaning has been attached to the influence of nature. This means that the nation has been able to celebrate clean air, land, and water (OIRAOMB, 2015). The House of Representatives Subcommittee that is responsible for the oversight of the Environmental Protection agency is the subcommittee on the water resources and the environment. This has been based on the need to oversee the general matters of the issues that are related to the development of water resources, conservation and management, the control of water pollution and water related infrastructure, as well as the cleanup of any hazardous wastes. There are other subcommittees in the senate that have the oversight responsibility of environmental protection. They include the Agriculture, nutrition and forestry that are charged with the mandate to conserve forestry and natural resources. The commerce science and transportation subcommittee is charged with overseeing the ocean atmosphere, fisheries and forest guard. In addition, the energy and natural resources subcommittee deals with the regulation of energy, public lands, forests, water and power (Gibbs, 2015). Since the inception of the environmental protection agency or